13. Whence means from where, when and speaks of the origins of the thing in question. Current knowledge and historical knowledge is shown through the transition and transformation of language: language addresses itself to human beings in words that conceal the genuine face of Being. In hindsight, we might say that the research into the making of atomic weaponry should not have been undertaken given the outcomes of their capabilities. That things are exactly measurable: this is a priori for mathematical physics, and this is what counts for mathematical physics. She does not have the power within herself to restore health itself, but she can establish the conditions where nature restores the health required for the patient i.e. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. Once again remember that technology is the theory not merely the instruments that technology has produced i.e. will be choices that individuals in the future will have to make with the know-how that they have. Human being does not have a constant, project-independent understanding of itself: it first understands itself, or understands itself anew, after the projection. Experiment in this sense is quite different from experience: science becomes rational-mathematical, i.e. the book is on the table, etc. The ethical obligation is our actions and reflections on the things that are. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. 9. Thank you sm for this post!!! For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. This prompt speaks to the reasons or grounds that some actions should not be taken prior to reflection on their being undertaken presumably because the ends of those actions are not good ends. The Greeks had a saying: The future comes to meet us from behind and it is this future that is encapsulated in the historical development of the knowledge that preceded it. . Human being projects itself in its own project. how the questions of what, how and why are sufficiently answered and the thing about which the claim is being made is sufficiently brought to light and handed over to others. what counts as good evidence. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower. A culture is the way of life: the customs, civilization, achievement and values of a particular group of people at a particular time. The author Bob has also created the harmonies for music on todays podcast, theyre really beautiful. Technology istheoretical;the practical applications, its instrumentality, is secondary to this primary theoretical viewing. when so much then so much. This is just an example of the extraordinary changes in meaning that words have through the centuries and should serve as a warning. Bringing this pre-programmed response to light will help you in your search for self-knowledge in that how you interpret things i.e. This putting of questions to things is our inquiring into and about the nature of the things that we know and how we know them. This understanding is grounded in the principle of sufficient reason. We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? When we say that the objectivity of objects is based upon subjectivity we mean that it is not something confined to a single person and something fortuitous to their individuality and situation and discretion; it is not personal knowledge. a cause-effect relation. It is the final statement, nothing is without reason, that must be understood here. The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is "yes", so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered "knowledge" prior . The disclosure of things is prior to our human judgmental truth. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being. One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. This fundamental experience of how things are comes to determine for us the manner in which we look at and experience the things we encounter here in the modern age. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit For modern thinking, the manner in which beings are is as objects. All that matters is the quality of the feeling or experience, since these experiences can have no significance for our lives or our world. Although dialectic is now considered a complex philosophical term, in its original sense it could mean nothing more than a discussion among friends at Starbucks over coffee. Any image of medicinal healing of any type can answer the questions of for whom (human beings) and for what purposes (health) because health is determined to be a good end or purpose and it has value for us. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. It is the system that makes information possible. The principle of reason is what is in operation when we say I get it! in English, for it is the manner in which we take something on, deal with it, perceive it. Experience is at first passive: we come across something without going in search of it. They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. I have written extensively on imagination in the link below and suggest a reading of this writing as a possible prod to further you along in your Exhibition of this way of knowing the world. Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. Only the completeness of the account, perfection, provides the evidence for the fact that every cognition everywhere and at all times can include and count on the objects and reckon with them. In establishing the framework for what can be considered knowledge in our age, axioms or archai, principles, rules, laws, etc. We can see its relation to what is now called algorithms. It is an awareness or a familiarity with a subject be it theoretical or practical. Underlying all this, even natural science with its mathematical calculations from within a frame, is the very idea of a world-picture. Our modern scientific knowledge in the form of quantum physics demonstrates that what has been traditionally understood as certainty regarding knowledge of nature and inquiries into nature is not possible. Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism: Nietzsche/Darwin Part VIII: Truth as Justice: 28. and feel more politically effective in influencing people to politics are politically active. Culture is a 19th century word and has come to prominence with the arrival and dominance of the Human Sciences as a way of viewing the world. A link that might be of some help with a discussion of this broad theme is posted here: The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. It lacks evident correctness, evidence. 12. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. Both doubt and skepticism were requirements for beginning thinking. What do these choices indicate? The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. Beings as a whole are now taken in such a way that they are in being first and only insofar as they are presented by the human being as the representer and producer, that is, as objects. The same principle operates in Islams rejection of any images of Allah for to represent Him as an image or idea turns Him into a thing. One can experience fear, for example, by feeling it or by witnessing it. Opinion is an attempt to reveal the truth of something covered over or hidden. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. with the way in which man withstands the There, the openness and hiddenness of the beings among which he stands. An account is an account only if it is handed over. This helps us to understand what Socrates meant when he said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness, such a madness as one sees in Macbeth at the end of that play. One might view the current war on terrorism in this light and a fruitful Exhibition can result from determining how this may be the case. 13. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. These are written about at length in other entries in this blog and reviewing them might be helpful with your Exhibition under this prompt. World-picture, like the concept of culture, is distinctively modern. Is there such a thing or mode of being as objectivity? I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. Scepticism and doubt are the proper approaches to claims made by experts in many areas of knowledge. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? This gathering and laying is a reciprocal relationship, a two-fold back and forth relationship involving both you as knower and the things that you know, the images or objects you have chosen. did not belong to Mr. Gates but came from outside of him. A world-picture is usually a theoretical view of the external world, while a world-view is essentially a view of life, a view of our position and place in the world and how we should act (our lifestyle and the ethics that arise from that lifestyle). The providing ofsufficient reasons is what we consider to be a good justification for a claim. The providing of sufficient reasons is related to what is known as the correspondence theory of truth. 26. The being of beings is sought and found in the representedness of beings that arises through the principle of reason or ratiocination and the account of beings given therein. This revealing or bringing out from concealment of what has been buried is the correctness of our representations or what we have come to call the correspondence theory of truth. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle {the principle of reason}, presupposed, but not grounded. What counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. 19. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. values and beliefs of an individual because they discover something new to their ears, eyes and. Ethical obligations were called rendering what was due to some thing or another. This is done in the modern physical sciences. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. What is the truth that we are lacking in what we hold up as knowledge? Since Descartes, the experience of human beings is as an I that relates to the world such that it renders this world to itself in the form of connections correctly established between its representations i.e. In the global society of the future, these experts will be those who are able to put the discoveries of science to use i.e. 15. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. If you should chose this prompt, the manner in which you establish the relations that you believe exist between the three objects you have chosen will require the need to provide evidence for that relation. Understandably, considering different perspectives might be challenging sometimes. This is usually done through reason as logic, through analogy or metaphor i.e. It was in direct conflict with that tradition which is known as the history of philosophy. What makes the being of objects possible is Reason itself. Although historians cannot observe what happened in a laboratory nor do experiments to confirm their hypothesis, they have developed alternative methods to gather knowledge. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. According to Kant, our cognition renders sufficient reasons for the being of objects when it brings forward and securely establishes the objectness of objects and thereby brings itself to objectness, that is, to the being of experienceable beings. It is assessed internally, but moderated externally. This prompt is very similar in nature to prompt #19 i.e. Whenever we speak of the production of knowledge, we are speaking of the bringing forth of what was once hidden into presence so that we may see it face to face. This origin usually deals with the question of motion or movement so the question is raised From where, originally, did the change or motion come from? An explanation is a scientific account of a thing, and by this we mean that sufficient reasons have been given for its being the way it is. The various types of knowledge that were understood by the Greeks and which are outlined in the linkCT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower indicate that interpretation is linked to doubt and skepticism in our modern understanding of what knowledge is. Procuring health is the setting up of conditions and abetting the properties that are already present in nature and allowing those conditions and properties to flourish. (about 100 words) In the Theory of Knowledge exhibition, I will be talking about the three objects of my choice and the prompt I have linked them to. are the questions that can be explored in the Exhibition. We wish to possess knowledge that is beyond any doubt.The techneof both the engineers who designed the snow tire and of the surgeon who will perform the surgery are features of the kind of knowledge that we rely on when we have a desired end in view, be it our own safety while driving on the road or our own health. Understanding is prior to interpretation. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? 128 7 Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. We can think of experience as an isolated, temporary experience or an inner, psychical event, intrinsically detached both from the body and from the external world. as an object. The doing and making of technology, what we understand as instrumentality, is secondary to how technology determines what a being or thing is in the first place. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. it is after hours, the owner is away on holidays, the owner is observing a religious festival, etc. What we have called objectivity in this writing is a legacy from the German philosopher Kant and his transcendental method and how this thinking was interpreted by the English-speaking empiricists. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. how reality is conceived. The soul, when properly ordered, is given to us by Socrates in his prayer to Pan at the end of the dialogue Phaedrus: O dear Pan and all you gods here, grant it to me to become beautiful, to come into the correct condition in relation to what is in myself, what comes from inside, and grant that whatever I possess on the outside may be a friend to what is inner, and grant that I repute as rich the one who is wise, and grant that to me the amount of gold I possess in this world will have as much value for me and that I will claim for it only as much value as a man of understanding should claim.Socrates prayer is that his soul will become beautiful, and this means having its proper relation to the things themselves and for their correct limits; nothing in excess. This know how, presumably, comes from a long, broad engagement with the field which is under discussion. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. 21. An examination of what we understand as History can occur here. But what about the things that are about us? This is what Kant called his transcendental method. In todays philosophical language this interpretative method is called hermeneutics, and it derives its authority from the premise that all knowledge is historical i.e. In doing this, you as a human being will understand yourself in terms of the possibilities open to you through your thinking. True education is the leading out and a liberation towards seeing revealed truth. (See response to Prompt #21) Religion is what we bow down to or what we look up to and self-knowledge will reveal the idols that one may look up to or bow down to. Thus we resigned ourselves to the new situation the moment we could make dependable predictions. His original term was areteor what we have translated as virtue, and knowing oneself was to have knowledge of ones possibilities and potentialities. We believe we have knowledge when our representations in our minds correspond to the things that we are inquiring about. We view material tools as technology, but as our writing on technology demonstrates, while this is a correct understanding of what technology is, it does not get us to the essence of technology: the tools are the outcome of what the essence of technology is and they are brought into being because technology provides the open space for their ability to be. They are either accepted or rejected and no further discourse is possible about them. You have to complete the exhibition individually (no more groups) and make sure no one in your TOK class or school uses the same objects or images in their exhibition. To what areas of knowledge do the images/objects you have chosen belong? What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? In other areas, there are few, for example, who understand the mathematics involved in quantum and relativity physics. Your Exhibition is a rendering that is handed over to others i.e. Aleksandra Sachajko Confederate battle flag Since 1861 the Confederate flag has been a symbol of the American white supremacy, which is a belief that the white race is pure and superior to other races. 31. In active experience, we go forth to look for something. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. But if in our rendering, we are turning everything into objectness so as to seek its possibilities and potentials, from where will any recognition, responsibility or obligation arise? How can we judge when evidence is adequate? Before the German philosopher Leibniz declaring the principle of reason astheprinciple, it lay in hiding in the darkness of our assumptions throughout Western history. From Platos dialectic or that conversation that is conducted among friends, we have inductive and deductive logic, from diaeresisanddianoia,the separation and the bringing together. Human being is not aware of itself by focusing on its experiences, but in what it does, uses, expects, avoids, in things it is concerned about in the world around it. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. Opinion is the handing over of knowledge through language and what the thing is that is handed over. The concept of a culture is 19th century thought for what we call cultures are historically determined and the knowledge brought forward from them will also be historically determined. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. What we call culture is derived from world-view. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being, how we have defined and classified them. In connection with the historical development of natural science, things become objects through reason; they become material, and a point of mass in motion in space and time and the methodology used pursues the calculation of these various points. Withoutphronesisone develops misperceptions of things. your cognition of the things, should come to a greater light or understanding through this exercise. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part V: The World as Life and Becoming: Darwin and Nietzsche: Part VI: What is Practical Need? However, the soul in need of purification shuts itself off from such instruction because it feels it does not need the purification to begin with because it believes that it already knows. What counts as a good justification for a claim? For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle (the principle of reason, for instance), presupposed, but not grounded. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge? Inquiries regarding such beliefs are what are called second order questions. The knowledge of the techne is his own or he has made that knowledge his own, but the production of knowledge, the products of that knowledge or the applications of the knowledge is through another and for another. 25. This need for the surety of what some thing is gives rise to our preference for mathematical calculus as that which represents knowledge in modernity. When what is is defined as object, as object it becomes the ground and basis of all things, their determinations as to what they are, and the kinds of questioning that determine those determinations. Experience can also mean to go, travel, etc., literally to go forth, and this understanding has a more external quality. Diaeresis is the separation that allows something to be set in relief, juxtaposed and thus brought forward, a setting off and distinguishing of something from something else. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? pistis [pstis]; Lat. the doctors knowledge is that of abetting what is true of nature in regard to the health of human beings. Why, for example, are we obliged to preserve panda bears in conditions that are far better than most human beings in the world? It is obvious that such seeing of possibilities and potentialities is dependent upon the techneof the technological viewing and those who proceed with unethical actions will do so because they believe some personal end which will bring about their own personal eudaimoniaor happiness will be the result, and they will do so under a sense of duty or be just following the orders of their superiors. The IB is one such community. An old story which Plato speaks about in his Theaetetus is that Thales, while occupied in studying the heavens above and looking up, fell into a well. This pretense to knowledge is what must be undercut and exposed. Implication is the act of implying,the state of being implied. Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. Activities such as gene splicing to produce seed that will not reproduce, etc. This reckoning is the procedure of doctors making their diagnoses regarding what is required in restoring health to a patient. For knowledge to be knowledge, it must be shared or handed over to others and confirmed and affirmed (See prompt #26). This assertion is apparently paradoxical or contradictory since the concept of historicism itself must be historical and will be replaced by some other concept at some point in the future. Our falling away into subjective truth is not a fault of human beings: that the gods offered themselves more fully to the Greeks than to us is not our fault. Such a sign speaks the truth in that the fact is that the shop is closed. CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; 10. AnywayToday Im joined by Theatre Teacher, Bob Scheer. This is a challenging task and I've created a blog post explaining how you to get all of the marks on these here ). Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. In exploring the word culture, we must understand that world-view and world-picture are not interchangeable as to their meanings. The acronyms and the specialized language in use in those communities are not things that those outside of the community are familiar with. I, for example, havent got a clue what is going on in the fashion arts. This perfection is the striving for the completeness of the foundation. a description of the features of that knowledge, for it is through such knowledge that we believe we have truth. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. It also means to put something in its place, or putting something in order for something else such as gathering together the things that are required of a recipe so that we may later prepare it, the step-by-step process involved in preparing to bring about a desirable end. (cf. The mystery of the principle of reason is what has come to define human beings as the animal rationale. 20. 11. Reasons must be given for the claims being made. The Greeks understood technology as the theoretical knowledge that makes the practical applications possible. We commonly associate experiencing with an I, a subject or a consciousness. What this means is that something is, something can only be identified as a being/thing, only if it is stated in a sentence that satisfies the fundamental principle of reason as its founding i.e.. it is the fundamental principle of all that is, including statements made to others. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. It could be said, in contrast to Heisenberg, that even high-tech disposable things. Our methodological approach has been determined prior to our access to the thing which determines what the being of the thing is in the first place. In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know.
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