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If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The Portuguese also traded these slaves, introducing much-needed human capital to other European nations. What does it reveal about the state of geographical knowledge, as well as European perceptions of the New World, at the beginning of the sixteenth century? No products in the cart. Malintzin remains a controversial figure in the history of the Atlantic World; some people view her as a traitor because she helped Corts conquer the Aztecs, while others see her as a victim of European expansion. The Portuguese expanded in wealth and founded the international slave trade, an institution whose ramifications would haunt Atlantic history until the nineteenth century. She has taught college English and religious education classes and currently works as a freelance writer. In this instance, Cortes actually operated without approval from the Spanish crown or the governor of the Cuban colony because he desired a chance to make his own name and wealth without the credit going to his superiors. Menu and widgets In addition to forcing the native populations into slavery, the Spanish explorers forced them to convert to Christianity. An exchange of ideas, fueled and financed in part by New World commodities, began to connect European nations and, in turn, to touch the parts of the world that Europeans conquered. The carrack first appeared, historians believe, in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Portugal discovered new lands, new sea routes and made better maps of the world. Warfare by the Spanish, using guns, and forced labour in mines and on plantations also contributed. 1015 Words. They understood that the Portuguese would soon reach Asia and, in this competitive race to reach the Far East, the Spanish rulers decided to act. Instead, he encouraged exploration and directed many important expeditions. In this context, evaluating mercury contamination in coastal sediments and mercury magnification in marine food webs is crucial for . Eli Whitney Inventions & Facts | What Did Eli Whitney Invent? Francisco Pizarro subdued the Incas of Peru in 1533. Although, this conquest took over 30 years to accomplish. There are many spices and vast mines of gold and other metals in this island. Spain and Portugal divided the New World by drawing a north-to-south line of demarcation in the Atlantic Ocean, about 100 leagues (555 . Portuguese success in exploration depended on maritime technological advances, especially caravel ships with lateen sails that were triangular in shape and gave Europeans the advantage of finally sailing in both directions along the African coast. Sources. Nearly everybody remembers that 'In fourteen hundred ninety-two Columbus sailed the ocean blue,' and indeed, Christopher Columbus, sponsored by Spain, did make his first voyage in 1492 and bumped into a completely new continent on his way to the Far East. In either case, she demonstrates one way in which native peoples responded to the arrival of the Spanish. The time was ripe to explore, discover, and expand. The Portuguese did not emphasize colonization in their new territories. Key Explorers The key figure in early Portuguese exploration was Prince Henry, the son of King John I. Nicknamed "the Navigator," Henry was not an explorer himself. In 1533, Pizarro founded Lima, Peru. Spain was unable to compete with Portugal throughout most of the 15th century as it was occupied with consolidating itself on the Iberian peninsula and defeating the Islamic empire that had been present since the early middle ages. In the BFA programs, students receive practical training through the progression of hands-on projects that increase in complexity. What was the effect of Spanish and Portuguese exploration quizlet? This colonial enterprise was driven by a search for African gold, Asian spices, and Christian kingdoms in the east. They also found a sea route to India. The land there is elevated, with many mountains and peaks incomparably higher than in the centre isle. They explored the coasts of Africa and brought back gold and slaves. The overland routes involved terrain that was unforgiving and dangerous, and merchants couldn't trust that they would always be safe. When the Immortal had Thrash's set, the Dimensional lords had no choice, but to give up a huge part of Alphen to the Immortal's army. The Spanish and Portuguese developed a particular type of ship to trade in the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic. He and his men were astonished by the incredibly sophisticated causeways, gardens, and temples in the city, but they were horrified by the practice of human sacrifice that was part of the Aztec religion. What impact did the Portuguese have on exploration? 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Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. He believed the earth to be much smaller than its actual size and, since he did not know of the existence of the Americas, he fully expected to land in Asia. . His patronage allowed some of the most important Portuguese expeditions to take place. Spains most famous explorer, Christopher Columbus, was actually from Genoa, Italy. They had many tools that helped them navigate through the Atlantic Ocean. He then sailed to an island he named Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic and Haiti) ([link]). The Portuguese replaced Arab control of the trade in ivory, gold and slaves with their own. This creation of a trading post empire tapped into the existing slave trade among Africans with the Portuguese fully participating and expanding the trade beyond African borders. By this and other means, native people helped shape the conquest of the Americas. Thousands of Spaniards flocked to the Americas seeking wealth and status. In 1492, Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, had fallen to the forces of the Spanish monarchs. In 1418, the Portuguese came upon the Madeira Islands and established a colony at Porto Santo. In time, much of the Atlantic World would become a gargantuan sugar-plantation complex in which Africans labored to produce the highly profitable commodity for European consumers. Sugar fueled the Atlantic slave trade, and the Portuguese islands quickly became home to sugar plantations. As they died, new workers were needed. The reasons for the difference are to be found in the. Since the Aztec people had never been exposed to the disease, thousands died as it spread throughout Mexico. Portuguese explorers were able to discover and conquer new worlds. Finally, Vasco de Gama arrived in India and came back with a nice, profitable load of spices in 1499. Rather than leading to the discovery of gold and silver, however, the expedition simply left Coronado bankrupt. Portuguese sailors continued to make important discoveries in this new arena as well. European exploration, exploration of regions of Earth for scientific, commercial, religious, military, and other purposes by Europeans, beginning about the 4th century bce. They have no iron, nor steel, nor weapons, nor are they fit for them, because although they are well-made men of commanding stature, they appear extraordinarily timid. Indeed, the Spanish created an empire across two continents, and the world would never be the same. The Portuguese took the lead. Inspired and backed financially by Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese explorers sailed south, down the coast of Africa, in hopes of finding a route to the Far East. The Spanish were also the first in the New World. The voyages of Columbus. As a devoted Catholic, Columbus had agreed with Ferdinand and Isabella prior to sailing west that part of the expected wealth from his voyage would be used to continue the fight against Islam. Many other Europeans followed in Columbuss footsteps, drawn by dreams of winning wealth by sailing west. Although Portugal opened the door to exploration of the Atlantic World, Spanish explorers quickly made inroads into the Americas. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. What does this letter show us about Spanish objectives in the New World? The Spanish fleeing from an Aztec force. Europeans gained new materials like gold, silver, and jewels. 27 chapters | Spain attracted innovative foreign painters such as El Greco, a Greek who had studied with Italian Renaissance masters like Titian and Michelangelo before moving to Toledo. Over the next two centuries, a string of explorers and conquistadors, or military conquerors, claimed territory after territory for the ever-widening Spanish empire. In addition to navigation, what purpose would such a map have served? Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), painted by Diego Velzquez in 1656, is one of the best-known paintings in history. Map of Columbus' first journey to the Americas. With the Reconquista complete and Spain a unified country, Ferdinand and Isabella could turn their attention to overseas exploration. Spain wanted to explore the New World first to find a trade route to India as the Portuguese had. Seeking to ensure that Columbuss finds would remain Spanish, Spains monarchs turned to the Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI, who issued two papal decrees in 1493 that gave legitimacy to Spains Atlantic claims at the expense of Portugal. Baker Hughes (NYSE: BKR) is a leading energy technology company that design, manufacture and service transformative technologies to help take energy forward. 5 Pages. 4 What are the long lasting effects of Spanish Exploration today? Like Corts, Pizarro had to combat not only the natives of the new worlds he was conquering, but also competitors from his own country; a Spanish rival assassinated him in 1541. Translated to conqueror, conquistadors were a class of men who especially partook in the age of exploration and discovery by leading expeditions to the New World with the understanding that conquest would gain them wealth and power with their monarchs. Columbus set sail with three small ships and a crew of eighty . Portugal got richer because of the Indian trade. The Carrack or Nao (meaning ship) was developed as a fusion between Mediterranean and Northern European-style ships. They traded up the Zambezi river and interfered with the existing inland African trade. In 1492, they completed the Reconquista: the centuries-long Christian conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The Impact of Portuguese Exploration Portugal's explorers changed Europeans' understanding of the world in several ways. All of these items are still traded across the Atlantic today to places all over the world. The 15th and 16th centuries have often been labeled the age of exploration, discovery, and expansion. At the height of the middle ages, the Mongol Empire had kept open borders throughout Asia and into Europe along the Silk Road, allowing spices and other luxury goods to flow freely from the Far East. They accomplished this through a combination of military strength and strategic alliances with native peoples. In August 1521, having successfully fomented civil war as well as fended off rival Spanish explorers, Corts claimed Tenochtitln for Spain and renamed it Mexico City. . As Western Europe transitioned from the regional divides of the middle ages to stronger centralized countries, kings and queens looked for ways of expanding their spheres of influence and world outlooks. When the Spanish and Portuguese explore to the new world it results in massive increase in the population. It is after the Reconquista, that the Europeans start to expand and explore the new world for new trade routes to the riches, i.e. Who ruled the government of ancient Sumer? The Spaniards moved north, too. What was the effect of Spanish and Portuguese exploration? Missionaries like Motolinia had a legitimate desire to convert the natives and others like him, including the Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas, who wrote "A Brief Account of the Destruction of the West Indies" to draw attention to the atrocities committed against the natives by his fellow Spaniards. Ottoman Turks controlled much of the land routes to the East, and they initially charged exorbitant taxes for traders to get through. He might have gotten all the way to India if his crew hadn't mutinied. Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella promoted the acquisition of these new lands in order to strengthen and glorify their own empire. It results in increased costs, higher production rates, and lower . Back to Table of Contents. He believed that, using calculations based on other mariners journeys, he could chart a westward route to India, which could be used to expand European trade and spread Christianity. On June 7, 1494, the governments of Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas, named for the city in Spain in which it was created.The Treaty of Tordesillas neatly divided the " New World " of the Americas between the two superpowers. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 unified Catholic Spain and began the process of building a nation that could compete for worldwide power. They explored the coasts of Africa and brought back gold and slaves. De Gama's successful venture created a greater demand than ever before for overseas trades along the African coast. One of this periods most famous works is the novel The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha, by Miguel de Cervantes. They established posts in Guinea and Angola and a few island plantations to support their business ventures. 201-202. When this lesson is over, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. . Elmina Castle on the west coast of Ghana was used as a holding pen for slaves before they were brought across the Atlantic and sold. Hernando de Soto had participated in Pizarros conquest of the Inca, and from 1539 to 1542 he led expeditions to what is today the southeastern United States, looking for gold. During the fifteenth century, Spain hoped to gain advantage over its rival, Portugal. As early as 1341, Portuguese sailors had made. Spain, in particular, produced a number of famous conquistadors who established the presence of the Spanish empire in Mexico, California, and Peru. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. However, the overthrow of the Mongols by the Ottoman Empire had closed that border as the longstanding religious differences between Christian Europe and Muslim Ottomans allowed the old conflict to disrupt the flow of trade. Using the explorers first name as a label for the new landmass, Waldseemuller attached America to his map of the New World in 1507, and the name stuck. Learn key differences in what each country focused on when colonizing. Hernando Corts was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Spanish . When Corts explored central Mexico, he encountered a region simmering with native conflict. Prince Henry the Navigator | Biography, Influence & Facts, The Development of Monarchical Nation States: the Rise of Power, Bartolome de las Casas: Destruction of the Amerindians, Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire | Biography & Facts, Carolingian Art | Overview, Renaissance & Characteristics. Cartographers developed new ways of mapping. What was the positive impact of Portuguese exploration? the fall of European national monarchies and the end of the power of the Catholic Church. Motivated by curiosity, a desire to expand into new places, a longing to spread Christianity, and especially, a hope to tap into the lucrative Far East trade, Europeans of the 15th and 16th centuries looked outward and began to explore their world. People were curious, interested, and eager for fresh experiences and observations. The global flow of silver from the mid-sixteenth century to the early eighteenth century caused social and economic issues by creating social impact in China, changing the economic purpose for trading, and the overall exchange between the Chinese and European nations. Columbus held erroneous views that shaped his thinking about what he would encounter as he sailed west. Columbus made a total of four voyages to the New World, but he honestly believed for the rest of his life that he had found the Far East. The resulting Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America ([link]); Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil. With his support, Portuguese mariners successfully navigated an eastward route to Africa, establishing a foothold there that became a foundation of their nations trade empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 5 What was Portugals role in the age of discovery? In this context, the Portuguese and the Spanish became the first countries to explore the Atlantic consistently, finding routes around Africa to the East and new continents untouched by European expansion. The story of North American exploration spans an entire millennium and involves a wide array of European powers and uniquely American characters. Open Document. The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. What should we consider when we interpret these documents today? This sixteenth-century map shows the island of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic). European countries started to think about forming empires, spreading Christianity, and ruling the world. In Spain, gold and silver from the Americas helped to fuel a golden age, the Siglo de Oro, when Spanish art and literature flourished. Felicity Moran received a Bachelors in history from Franciscan University of Steubenville, and a Master's in history from the University of Cincinnati, where she taught at the collegiate level for two years. Portugals Prince Henry the Navigator spearheaded his countrys exploration of Africa and the Atlantic in the 1400s. (04.05) Painting of a scene showing European explorers and native peoples in the New World. Portuguese traders soon began to settle around the fort and established the town of Elmina. Columbus' discoveries also shifted the reasons behind Spanish exploration from trade to empire-building and exploration. What was the effect of Spanish and Portuguese exploration? Then, when they found Amerindians, they wanted to colonize and convert them, as well as have access to their gold. Effects of Spanish Rule in North and South America: 1. The confinement of my story to Spanish, rather than Iberian, America means the almost total exclusion of the Portuguese settlement of Brazil, except for glancing references to the sixty-year period, from 1580 to 1640, when it formed part of Spain's global monarchy. After Columbus voyages to the New World, the Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and English began the active exploration and exploitation of the newly discovered land in the Americas. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. The Economic Causes of European Maritime Exploration Various economic factors led some European monarchs, royal families, and states to support early maritime explorations financially. How did explorers born in Portugal impact the world? The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. Another Italian, Amerigo Vespucci, sailing for the Portuguese crown, explored the South American coastline between 1499 and 1502. Location of the Strait of Magellan. Sugar fueled the Atlantic slave trade, and the Portuguese islands quickly became home to sugar plantations. They were far more interested in trade, and before long, they had carried millions of Africans away from their homes as slaves. The Portuguese destroyed the Arab trade routes in the Indian Ocean between Africa, Arabia and India. It was able to amplify the power of Undead army by several magnitudes. Although his first efforts against the Inca Empire in the 1520s failed, Pizarro captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa in 1532 and executed him one year later. The only arms they have are sticks of cane, cut when in seed, with a sharpened stick at the end, and they are afraid to use these. Spain. While the Portuguese remained focused on the establishment of trading networks, only turning to full colonization later, Spanish discoveries of established empires in North and South America led them to explore and subsequently expand their own empire with the intention of growing wealthier and spreading Catholicism. On October 12, 1492, however, he made landfall on an island in the Bahamas. Today they highlight the difficult task of historical work; while the letters are primary sources, historians need to understand the context and the culture in which the conquistadors, as the Spanish adventurers came to be called, wrote them and distinguish their bias and subjective nature. Slaves lived in the dungeon for weeks or months until ships arrived to transport them to Europe or the Americas. Portuguese explorers were excellent navigators. Spanish relationships with the natives tended to vary depending on the person. The world was opening up, and people were realizing how big it really was. This compass showed from four to eight directions. Spanish and Portuguese exploration brought a variety of Western ideas to the new world, including dress and leadership positions like that of the governor. Lutheranism History, Facts & Beliefs | What is Lutheranism? explored isthmus of panama. The 1492 Columbus landfall accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal, and the two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. There were different reasons for the Spanish and Portuguese exploration, with the Portuguese establishing a trading post empire to protect their goods, and Spain focusing on. Among these was Toribio Motolinia, whose work, History of the Indians of New Spain, provided a comprehensive description not only of conversion methods, but Aztec religious and cultural practices. They also found a sea route to India. The Spanish came to the New World first to have a Far East trading link. Pizarro began his work by capturing the Incan king and holding him for ransom, the astronomical amount of which flooded the Spanish coiffures and made empire-building more lucrative than it had ever been. The Spanish brought horses, guns, and other weaponry with them which frightened the Aztecs. Portuguese explorers were able to discover and conquer new worlds. The Great Depression, 1929-1932, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1941, Fighting the Good Fight in World War II, 1941-1945, Post-War Prosperity and Cold War Fears, 1945-1960, Political Storms at Home and Abroad, 1968-1980, The Challenges of the Twenty-First Century. Upon Columbuss return to Spain, the Spanish crown bestowed on him the title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and named him governor and viceroy of the lands he had discovered. The Official Site of Philip T. Rivera. While they are filled with distortions and fabrications, probanzas de mritos are still useful in illustrating the expectation of wealth among the explorers as well as their view that native peoples would not pose a serious obstacle to colonization. Many ideas and methods of expansion were flowed along over time. In 1493, Columbus sent two copies of a probanza de mrito to the Spanish king and queen and their minister of finance, Luis de Santngel. They were looking for something new and different, and they were ready to push beyond Europe to find it. But we can also fact-check these descriptions, whereas the Spanish court could only take them at face value. Spanish and Portuguese Exploration Spain and Portugal were neighboring kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula and fierce competitors exploring the African coastline. What was the success of Spain and Portugal? Spanish Exploration Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Brezhnev Doctrine Brezhnev Era Spanish and Portuguese explorations expanded the understanding of the world and the diversity of its people for future centuries. Ten years later, Francisco Pizarro traveled to Peru where he subsequently conquered the Incan Empire situated in the Andes Mountains. They also found a sea route to India. conquered Aztecs, killed emperor, collected gold Ferdinand Magellan Spain and Portugal were considered to be the major exponents of 'The Age of Discovery', stretching from the early 15 th century to mid-17 th century.
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