Deardoff)." Try this: Visit thrift shops to find an old panini press, then turn it into a printing press. Photo by Desmond Boylan/Reuters RIGHT: Farmer Carlos Frachi invented a crop irrigation system using soda bottles. There is more to the list of famous Cubans than you can fathom. Chang-Daz was born in San Jos, Costa Rica, and earned his doctorate in Applied Plasma Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). D)." Since then, people huddled around smartphones has become a ubiquitous sight. (July 7, 2014) http://faculty.cua.edu/may/Leloir.pdf, Meier, Natalie. From groundbreaking biologists and physicists to innovators in the fields of medicine, botany, and environmental studies, here are 10 game-changing Hispanic scientists you should know about. Photograph by. A reported 5,000 patients worldwide have been treated with CimaVax. March 2014. 6. Convits vaccines for leprosy and leishmaniasis are no longer in use, and the search continues for universally effective and acceptable vaccines for both diseases. Havanas first independent electronic music studio was started by DJ Ra. Monoclonal antibodies in the medicine attach to epidermal growth factor receptors on the surface of the cancer cell, thus preventing it from dividing and spreading the cancer. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection. Photos by Ernesto Oroza. But she believed that one day theyd become more widely used and became one of the earliest computer programmers. LEFT: Cuban inventor Yolando Perez Baez demonstrates his engine-starting device which can work in the place of a starter motor-a component that frequently fails. Carlos Juan Finlay, the Cuban physician who first linked yellow fever to mosquitoes in 1881, has received both tributes. Known for: Marconi changed the way humans communicated by developing the first effective system of radio communication. "Luis Leloir -- Biographical." Breakdancing has become increasingly popular and troupes like the B-Boy dancers, a subset of the Havana Queens dance company, learn moves from YouTube videos. Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers, Lamps made from household items like glass jars and toothpaste tubes. A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. 2. Cuba's once-grand colonial architecture is crumblingthe impact of decades of sanctions on its economy. Kids will be astonished! "Carlos Juan Finlay (1833 - 1915)." X-Ray Reflection Microscope Mexican American physicist Albert Vinicio Bez co-invented the X-ray reflection microscope. With his robotics training, Fernndez has created a Roomba from scratch using processors brought into the country by his friends. When uncontrolled diabetes causes nerve and blood vessel damage in a persons foot, it can lead to one of the most debilitating complications of the disease: the development of foot ulcers -- deep, red sores that can penetrate to the bone. You may not know what reCAPTCHA is, but you see it almost every time you sign into a new website. Cubans wait for the departure of a public bus built from a repurposed semi truck, commonly called ElCamello (The Camel). Michael ZagarisMLB/Getty Images. Andy Ruiz, one of the only people producing 360 degree videos in Cuba, gets the technology brought in from connections in America. 2014. After studying robotics in art school, Yusnier Mentado Fernndez started working on his own creations using processors from Italy. He also served as rector of UNAM and director of the National Museum and of the National Institute of Anthropology and History [sources: Anthropology News; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Gaillard; Smithsonian]. Known for: This Founding Father was an innovator in more ways than one, and he was among historys most famous inventors. By isolating a new class of substances called sugar nucleotides, Leloir found the key to deciphering this voluminous backlog of unsolved metabolic reactions. 1: Franklin Chang-Daz (1950-) and Ellen Ochoa (1958-), Anthropology News. Music isnt the only art form transforming as Cuba opens. Though you probably know her best by her stage name, Rita Hayworth. We're all painfully aware of how growth, sexual maturity and metabolism kick into overdrive during puberty, but we're usually too distracted to consider the tiny bean-shaped gland with its foot on the throttle. Before Argentine physician and biochemist Luis Federico Leloir did his groundbreaking research into the transformation of one sugar into another, combustion was well-understood, but synthesis remained a mysterious, largely guessed-at phenomenon. Heres why each season begins twice. Learn more: Marie Van Brittan Brown, Black Past. Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers. Indeed, an Italian study found that Nimotuzumab, in combination with another drug and radiation treatment, appeared to induce a response with few side effects. Since then, researchers have applied his technique to other antibody hybrids and produced a versatile array of assays and diagnostics, including tools used in pregnancy tests, biomarkers, cancer treatments, highly specific vaccines, and blood and tissue typing [sources: Encyclopaedia Britannica; Chang; Telegraph UK]. It's also trying to get clinical trials underway to replicate Cuban scientists findings, per U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations. Learn more: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, Lemelson-MIT. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. In 1969, Liotta developed the first total artificial heart to . His father hailed from Spanish Morocco, but he was greatly influenced by his French-Algerian mother's culture. Armstrong also noted that besides amputation, the only treatment currently available to Americans with diabetic foot ulcers is a cream with a "black box warning," indicating that the treatment has serious or life-threatening side effects. (July 3, 2014) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/molina-bio.html, Molina, Mario J. in the subject to his philosophy master's degree and law degree, all from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) [sources: Anthropology News; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Gaillard; Smithsonian]. For any other drug that wasnt made in Cuba, Colevas said, that ratio would probably be reversed. (July 7, 2014) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.1031/pdf, PBS. 4. Much of his early work concerned controlled fusion and fusion reactor design. At home, he's building a Roomba vacuum from scratch. Here are a few basic designs to get you started. The White House is continuing to lift trade restrictions between the U.S. and Cuba. (July 7, 2014) http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/26/world/cesar-milstein-74-who-won-joint-nobel-prize-in-medicine.html, Chinea, Eyanir. To tackle the task, Alvarez developed his own bubble chamber, camera stabilizers and a computerized system for analyzing bubble photographs. (July 7, 2014) http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/chang.html, NASA. Given the thousands of lives he saved and the decades of scorn he endured, we'd say he deserved them. Roswell Park is preparing for a clinical trial to test Racotumomab in multiple myeloma, and it's prepping VSSP for three trials -- two in kidney cancer and one in breast cancer. Photo by Ernesto Oroza. Jenny Marder. Learn more: Thomas Edison National Historical Park. Head and neck cancers make up approximately 3 percent of all cancers in the U.S., affecting about 52,000 Americans every year. He was the first African-American to hold a patent for a process known as dry scouring. Today, we call it dry cleaning. Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers. May, Leopold. Nicholas Gerbis The first, a child of Spanish immigrants, spent his life in his homeland and dedicated himself to the treatment of leprosy there; the second, born of Spanish Moroccan and French Moroccan parents, spent his formative years in Paris and most of his life in America, and studied the genetic causes of autoimmune diseases. Learn more: Ajay BhattThe Inventor of the USB. His methods were so successful they led to an abundance of peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes, and he spent much of his life coming up with new uses for them. The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists. In the late 19th century, it was improved upon by Sarah Boone, an African American woman who was born enslaved. Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers. Jan. 1, 2013. Hes also received a Nobel Prize for his research on bacterial enzyme, which has enabled inventions related to synthesized RNA. Vol. Unfortunately, the resulting soup of B cells and immunoglobulin is unsuited to targeted research. Not according to biology or history. He founded the Native American Intellectual Property Enterprise Council to help fellow Native American inventors. Experiment with the classic tin can telephone, Put together a blood model using beads or candies, Grace Murray HopperA Legacy of Innovation and Service, The Farmboy Who Invented Television (Smithsonian Magazine), learning how to build your own door alarm, Ralph H. Baer, National Center for Simulation, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, Lemelson-MIT, deconstruct it with your class to learn about the pieces and parts inside, Ann Tsukamoto, Necessity is the Mother of Invention, Watch this video to learn more about stem cells, Check out this video to learn more about the Smart Grid, all the devices that use USB ports and technology, 16 wonderful women scientists to inspire your students, get all the latest teaching tips and ideas when you sign up for our free newsletters, 12 Tips, Tricks, and Tools for Creating Amazing Flipped Classroom Videos, 15 Memes That Show What Its Like to Teach the Week of Halloween. famous cuban inventors Jan Matejko (1838-1893): He was a famous history painter and portrait painter. Perhaps theyll be inspired to become famous inventors themselves! When Csar Milstein produced the first monoclonal antibodies in 1975, he not only solved this problem, he became one of the fathers of modern medicine. Try this: Protect your stuff by learning how to build your own door alarm. (July 4, 2014) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60347/Baruj-Benacerraf, Encyclopedia Britannica. Born in Puerto Prncipe, Cuba, Finlay studied abroad before returning to Havana as a general practitioner and ophthalmologist with a penchant for scientific research. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. Learn more: Ralph H. Baer, National Center for Simulation. 8. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? 2. When the one-hour Internet cards sold at hotspots were prohibitively expensive (theyre more than $2double the average daily wage), savvy entrepreneurs started divvying them up and selling shorter, slower allotments. He spent the rest of his career at Cambridge and held dual Argentine-British citizenship [sources: Chang; Nobel Prize; Telegraph UK]. Andrs Arturo Garca Menndez, professionally known as Andy Garcia, is a Cuban American actor. For this reason is it hardly enjoyable for anyone involved, Oroza says. Now, wifi and warming relations with the U.S. are paving the way for a digital revolution. (July 3, 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/12/us-venezuela-people-convit-idUSKBN0DS1A720140512, Crutzen, Paul. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. Cuba may not have had the technology, but its had the drive for innovation. The island nation, hemmed in by a 54-year trade embargo with the U.S., cant exchange goods with one of the worlds largest economies and the largest medical market. "Seeking Signs of Compatibility." Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers. The following year, he and Felix Bloch pioneered measuring a neutron's magnetic moment, that is, its tendency to align with an applied magnetic field (an important clue that the neutrally charged particle is made of electrically charged fundamental particles). "Carlos Finlay (1833-1915)." "Leprosy Statistics - Latest Data." He invented a way to process and store blood plasma, eventually managing two of the largest blood banks during World War II. More Americans die from lung cancer than from any other type of cancer, which is why many people are eager for CimaVax to hit the U.S. market soon. Now, with new technology coming into the country, these old cars are being revamped with mini-DVD players and stereo systems that blast out oldies in Spanish and the latest American pop. Cuban artist Ernesto Orza has spent the last decade photographing and collecting many of these creations. Born in New York City in 1929, Puerto Rican-American pediatrician and healthcare advocate Helen Rodrguez Tras helped improve access to public health services for women and children in both the United States and Puerto Rico. Dictionary of World Biography. Though grouping such a diverse collection of people under a single rubric -- particularly the politically expedient but dubious term Hispanic isn't ideal, it does make room to explore their wide-ranging array of backgrounds and accomplishments. (July 4, 2014) http://www.usasciencefestival.org/schoolprograms/2014-role-models-in-science-engineering/1162-bernardo-alberto.html#sthash.RgOj4IzR.dpuf, University of Virginia Health Sciences Library. Photos by Ernesto Oroza & Penelope de Bozzi. Today, yellow fever afflicts roughly 200,000 and kills 30,000 people annually, mostly in African areas lacking vaccines. These drugs aren't as fully developed as CimaVax, says Lee, but they appear to have great potential. "Leprosy Vaccine Scientist Dies, Aged 100." A taxi driver runs through his route in Havana playing a music video on a small screen hooked up to his dash. Try this: Understand more about the anatomy of the eye by building a 3D human eye model. Milstein was born to poor immigrant parents in Baha Blanca, Argentina, and attended the universities of Buenos Aires and Cambridge, where he earned his Ph.D. Sure, politicized scientific issues like global climate change might instigate rancorous debate, but this smoke, though toxic in its own way, is nothing compared to the fire under which teachers, intellectuals and scientists have lived during many authoritarian regimes. 65, no. Learn more: Biography of Johannes Gutenberg, German Inventor of the Printing Press (ThoughtCo). Some of these are household names, while others deserve more recognition for inventions that have become essential to daily life. Known for: When Hopper first starting working with computers, they took up entire rooms. Physicists had already constructed cloud chambers and bubble chambers, which spotted speeding, charged particles via condensing vapor or boiling liquid. Try this: Watch this video to learn more about stem cells and their importance to modern medicine. Find out how to build your own Da Vinci-style ornithopter with household items. Unauthorized use is prohibited. March 2014. The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. Adalberto Alvarez. Ernesto Lecuona, often regarded as the greatest Cuban composer Esteban Salas y Castro, 18th century Cuban baroque composer Gonzalo Roig, often regarded as one of the greatest composers of Cuba, "Quiere me mucho"/ Cecilia Valdez Ignacio Cervantes, Chopinesque piano composer Jos White Lafitte, violinist and composer "Csar Milstein." Dec. 8, 1995. Many of the greatest Hispanic scientists are people you may not have learned about in school. His inventions include the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin Stove. (July 4, 2014) http://www.dailycal.org/2014/06/17/frank-asaro-uc-berkeley-nuclear-chemist-dies-age-86/, Milstein, Csar. The Daily Californian. Learn more: Thomas Jefferson: Inventions & Accomplishments. The 'extreme cruelty' around the global trade in frog legs, What does cancer smell like? Like a subscription service, thousands of couriers deliver a terabyte of videos, movies, music, and games via thumb drive to half the islands population each week. The world will forever associate two names with leprosy, aka Hansen's disease: Norwegian physician Gerhard Hansen, who in 1873 discovered the bacterium that causes it; and Jacinto Convit, who created a new vaccine for the slow-acting, disfiguring and deadly disease by combining a known tuberculosis treatment with an armadillo bacterium in 1987 [sources: BBC; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Chinea; Yandell]. (July 4, 2010) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/speedread.html, Parodi, Armando. Learn more: Madam C. J. Walker Official Website. Certain mouse spleen cells offered hope, but the specific antibodies they produced died too quickly to be useful. The movable type he used made mass printing possible and brought books and reading to the masses. The most promising change yet came Tuesday, when the Obama administration announced that American dollars will now be. In 1993, astronaut Ellen Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go to space. Known for: When the Wright Flyer I took off from Kitty Hawk and flew for 12 seconds, the Wright brothers made history! mon - fri 8.00 am - 4.00 pm #22 beetham gardens highway, port of spain, trinidad +1 868-625-9028 Shortly after taking power, he legalized private home computers, mobile phones, and DVD players. The work earned him the 1995 Nobel Prize in chemistry, an honor he shared with Rowland and Paul J. Crutzen, a pioneer in studying nitrogen oxide effects on ozone destruction [sources: Crutzen; Nobel Prize; Nobel Prize]. Try this: Find an old CRT TV or monitor and learn how cathode ray tubes work using a strong magnet. Can we bring a species back from the brink? Known for: Kids may not give a lot of thought to cataracts, but they should still know about Dr. Bath. As a child in Mexico City, Molina admired his aunt, a chemist, and emulated her by converting a spare bathroom into a makeshift chemistry lab. Routledge. Take these two eminent medical men both born in Caracas, Venezuela, whom you'll meet in a little bit. Owners havent been able to acquire new parts since President Kennedy issued a trade embargo in 1962, so they have devised hacks to keep the cars running. Ochoa researched information processing at Sandia National Laboratories and NASA Ames Research Center and listed as co-inventor on three patents in optics, object recognition and image processing. What if we could clean them out? Today, 50 plant species are named for her. She currently lives in Tampa, Florida where she often works on her back porch while taking frequent breaks for bird-watching and gardening. (July 7, 2014) http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/ochoa.html, NASA. Researchers can test the drug for rare diseases in clinical trials, but it's not available to the general public. Ellen Ochoa was born in Los Angeles, Calif., and earned her master's degree and doctorate in electrical engineering from Stanford University. She invented the first compiler, a program that translates programming code to machine language. Ruiz pays contacts in the U.S. to buy and bring the necessary technology to Havana. Cancer is not one disease, but a collection of hundreds of different illnesses. Ochoa, who was honored with NASAs Distinguished Service Medal, served as the director of the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, from 2013 to 2018. In addition to CimaVax, Roswell Park is also investigating Racotumomab and VSSP -- two more promising cancer drugs invented by CIM. However, most transactions between Cuba and the U.S. are still prohibited, which is why Cuban drugs face additional regulatory hurdles for testing and marketing compared to other drugs developed overseas. It has no known side effects, and the shot costs the Cuban government $1 to make. Nimotuzumab has had orphan drug status in the U.S. for the treatment of glioma since 2004 and for pancreatic cancer since 2015. 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. Guatemalan-born Luis von Ahn is regarded as one of the pioneers of crowdsourcing. By 2013, Heberprot-P had been registered in 15 other countries and used to treat more than 100,000 patients. May 13, 2014. Learn more: Ann Tsukamoto, Necessity is the Mother of Invention. Even before a reliable Internet connection, Cubans had created their own versions of Craigslist, Yelp, and eBay. By most measures, the United States' business-friendly environment has proven to be fertile for medical innovation. At the time, yellow fever still ravaged the tropics, terrorizing populations and disrupting shipping, especially in Havana [sources: Frierson; Haas; PBS; WHO; UVHSL]. 1970. Born in Camaguey, Cuba, in 1948, Adalberto Alvarez was a famous Cuban pianist, musical director, and composer. (July 7, 2014) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1984/, Nobel Prize. He used and improved on the technology of the time to make the first commercial steamboats. Known for: Every time you plug your phone in to charge or attach a component to your laptop, you can thank Ajay Bhatt for inventing USB technology. The cost, around $2 an hour, is prohibitive for locals, but enterprising Cubans have figured out how to divide them up to sell in smaller allotments. Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers. For decades, Cuba has been closed off to technology. Learn more: The Lumire Brothers, Pioneers of Cinema. "If people knew about these cutting-edge treatments coming out of Cuba, people would want to have them," said Pierre LaRame, executive director of the Oakland-based Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba, which advocates for Cuban medical inventions in the U.S. and publishes an international, peer-reviewed journal focusing on Cuban health and medicine. By entering your email and clicking Sign Up, you're agreeing to let us send you customized marketing messages about us and our advertising partners. Two years ago, the groups of people crowding Havanas parks and sidewalks with cell phones pressed to their faces didnt exist. Over the centuries, many remarkable scientists have emerged from Spanish-speaking lands, cultures and ancestors. His swivel chair was an instant hit, and he also created the dumbwaiter system. Please check your inbox to confirm. November 2007. "Role Models in Science & Engineering Achievement: Bernardo Alberto Houssay." An enduring early sex symbol, the Spanish-American actress, singer, and dancer starred in more than 60 films over nearly four decades. As a teenager, Estefan's family fled the Cuban. You can thank Marie Van Brittan Brown. Houssay's research into the relationship between sugar metabolism and a pituitary hormone earned him the 1947 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine and, more importantly, marked a turning point in diabetes management. Government glassware used to distribute food was often reused to store and trade illegal food and medicine, Oroza says. Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. June 18, 2014. Since 2007, the most important method of distributing the Internet has been the El Paquete Semanalor, The Weekly Package. Try this: Put together a blood model using beads or candies to learn about all the components blood contains. Along with fellow chemist Sherwood Rowland, Molina found that CFCschemicals commonly used as refrigerants, and colloquially known as Freonreleased into the atmosphere were contributing to ozone depletion. About 1.7 million Americans will be diagnosed with cancer this year, and about 600,000 are expected to die of it. March 26, 2002. "Ellen Ochoa (Ph. Much as fad diets might tell us to cut them out, energy-packed carbohydrates are essential to most life, thanks to two opposing chemical processes: combustion, which allows us to break down carbs and release energy needed for vital bodily processes, and synthesis, which enables us to use various sugars to build substances we need to live. Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. 15 Famous Cuban-Americans Gloria Estefan Born in Havana, Estefan is arguably Cuba's most famous singer. (July 4, 2014) http://anthropology.si.edu/olmec/english/archaeologists/caso.htm, Sullivan, Walter. We like to view ourselves as special snowflakes, as one-of-a-kind as our fingerprints. A pacifist, he refused a series of defense industry positions during the Cold War arms race, instead conducting research and teaching physics at the University of the Redlands, Baghdad University, MIT, and Harvey Mudd College. Currently a faculty member at the Institute for Advanced Studies, he has been awarded the Fundamental Physics Prize (2012) and appeared on the Einsteins Dream episode of PBSs Big Ideas. Hispanic Heritage Month celebrates the contributions of people from five Latin American countries, including El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras. Known for: In his work as a professional scene painter for the opera, Daguerre began experimenting with camera obscura for painting large backdrops. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. Multiple studies of different populations of people who have had their lower limbs amputated show that the procedure is linked to an increased risk of early death, suggesting either that surgery is a trauma many people don't survive, or that people who submit to this kind of amputation are some of the most vulnerable and at-risk patients in care. This list may not reflect recent changes . He was also inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2007. These animals can sniff it out. He argued that evidence showed Indigenous peoples in the Americas formed their own cultures, independently of those in the Old World. These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? 1970. (July 7, 2014) http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/about/people/orgs/bios/ochoa.html#.U7sDpfldV8E, Nobel Prize. The electric engine from the widely-owned Soviet Aurika washing machine is commonly repurposed. This makes finding one "cure" difficult, if not impossible. In 2015, Cuba opened up dozens of wifi zones across Havana. All rights reserved. For his work, Milstein shared the 1984 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Khler and Niels K. Jerne [sources: Nobel Prize]. Cuba's masters of invention Cuban Raul Hernandez speaks to reporters about what he considers the smallest cows in the world. Scottron was a . Yellow fever was wiped out of Cuba as well as Panama, enabling engineers to finally complete the Panama Canal [sources: Haas; PBS; UVHSL]. Vol. Known for: If you love a good Netflix binge, thank Philo Farnsworth. Wouldnt it have been nice if they all could have been available for testing, and we could have allowed scientific and medical reasons to drive why one or the other came to the market in a particular place, rather than political embargoes?. Benacerraf later recalled how the mixture of his heritage and upbringing created difficulties for him both in America and when he later temporarily moved to Paris [sources: Benacerraf; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Nobel Prize]. After discovering a love of ancient regional architecture and writing systems, the Mexico City native began taking classes in anthropology. Brilliant, bold, and brave, his inventions revolutionised the industry and changed the face of commercial cars forever . "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988." It can be used as both a treatment for lung cancer patients and a preventive measure for people at high risk of the disease. Though Jobs went on to become more well-known, he and Wozniak worked together to build the Apple I, the home computer that launched a revolution. "Jacinto Convit." Vol. Try one of these kid-safe electricity experiments to follow in his footsteps. Thousands of students graduate with information technology degrees each year, but there are few jobs. The term "hispanic" was created and adopted by the United States government in the early 1970s during the Nixon administration.
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