The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. (p.3). repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. A theory of cognitive dissonance. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. Scott, W. A. Some have already been discussed. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS This is an example of which rule of attraction? That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. 3. 47 14 To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." One other point before we proceed to examine the data. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. /ImageC The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). 0000000609 00000 n The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. ", 3. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Their prediction provedcorrect. endstream endobj startxref Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. Dr. Nekita Fuller When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. To achieve consonance, something has to give. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. To which he readily agrees. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. In groupthink, members of the group______. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. by meredith_davis9, A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. The results were surprising to Festinger. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). 0000000868 00000 n Add to folder The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. %%EOF Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. Control condition. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. 80 0 obj <> endobj If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. 0000000658 00000 n Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. Please select the correct language below. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. trailer If you already know how to turn off your ad blocker, just hit the refresh icon or F5 after you do it, to see the page. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. 2. >> The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. // adblocker detected All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. Take it with you wherever you go. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. 5. Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. (The secretary had left the office.) Half of the 0000001089 00000 n In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. Eddie has made the _________. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. He must be a genius." Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. Social Researcher. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. Her improved performance is an example of. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. 4. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. This has many practical implications. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. endobj He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. Harry's belief is based on. 59 0 obj In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Or is there something more nuanced at play? Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. (Boulding, 1969). they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring.
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