DONT FORGET these 3 key components of the cardiovascular exam for your upcoming OSCEs Save this video to watch later and dont forget to follow Geeky Medics! Accessibility sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal It then spreads down the bundle of Hisand then Purkinje fibres to cause ventricular contraction. It is not an abnormal finding and requires no treatment unless accompanied by any structural defect of the heart. RAD can, however, be a normal finding in very tall individuals. Left Axis Deviation = QRS axis less than -30. If you'd like to support us and get something great in return, check out our awesome products: YouTube Video VVVram5yRUhROGJRUW1sZk5kQVFDXzV3LjMxakdNallNcng0, YouTube Video VVVram5yRUhROGJRUW1sZk5kQVFDXzV3LkJPVjVZMzBKczY4, YouTube Video VVVram5yRUhROGJRUW1sZk5kQVFDXzV3LkxEM2VkQzB2NTBr, Start typing to see results or hit ESC to close, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Examination OSCE Guide, Pre-hospital Advanced Life Support (ALS) OSCE Guide, Adult Choking (Basic Life Support) OSCE Guide, Paediatric Intravenous Cannulation OSCE Guide, Intrauterine System (Mirena) Counselling OSCE guide. - Onset 01:48 . official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Before LAFB may imitate anteroseptal infarction. Various conditions often shift the QRS axis without fulfilling the defined limits of deviations in the initial stage. Left Axis Deviation = QRS axis less than -30. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. - Character 02:14 Heart valve disease. First, analyze the QRS complex for both leads I and avF to determine if it is +ve (height of R wave > height of S wave), equiphasic (R wave = height of S wave), or negative (R wave height of S wave). One of the key steps in interpreting an electrocardiogram (EKG) is determining the electrical axis of the heart. www.mayoclinic. Try Ayurveda And Don't Ignore It, Nutritionist Lovneet Batra Outlines The Many Health Benefits Of Ginger, Building Immunity In Winter With The Goodness Of Herbs, Skincare Tips: Get Glowing Skin This Festive Season With These Ayurvedic Tips. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. We sought to better stratify which patients with LAD but without previously known HD may warrant additional workup. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. border: none; Extra right ventricular tissue results in a stronger electrical signal being generated by the right side of the heart. The patients with left axis deviation were older, were more often men, and were more likely to have hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, and a high LV mass index than those with normal axis (Table 1). A collection of interactive medical and surgical clinical case scenarios to put your diagnostic and management skills to the test. Response to ECG Challenge. In this condition there is a swing of the cardiac axis to the left - ie less than minus 30 degrees. This is reflected by a QRS complex positive in lead I and negative in leads aVF and II. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). I just had a ecg and it said left axis deviation and a t wave abnormality. An infarct is an obstruction of . Right axis often refers to the direction in which the current is traveling. The associations with various conditions may be . The top EKG shows a reading of a person with a healthy heart. In reality, this term is meaningless and . What is the association between H. pylori and development of. , Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). #mc_embed_signup { As noted earlier, axis deviation is most commonly a result . Is the left axis deviation dangerous? display: inline; If high blood pressure is the cause of LVH, medications such as diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), and calcium channel blockers are used to lower blood pressure and prevent further enlargement of the left ventricle. Retrieved 2022-10-25. Until recently, it was believed that the human heart didnt have this capacity. In simplest terms can you explain ecg axis what axis (left/right) deviation meansand how to spot it on ecg. Hence, inferior leads show rS complex and lateral leads showqR complex. Careers. 2005 Dec;98(12):1232-8. answered any questions you had concerning the left axis deviation of the heart. The ECG axis may be determined in a variety of ways. These cookies do not store any personal information. Since right axis deviation is a new finding since the last EKG, a doctor may be playing it on the safe side when telling . Its presence should alert medical directors and underwriters to the possibility of underlying structural heart disease. #mergeRow-gdpr { rS complexes in leads II, III and aVF may mask. LAD may be caused by a number of factors. What is the mechanism action of H. pylori? Feel free to contact us at [emailprotected] if you have further questions to ask or if theres anything you want to contribute or correct to this article. But the heart does have some ability to make new muscle and possibly repair itself. Electrocardiography in Emergency, Acute, and Critical Care, Critical Decisions in Emergency and Acute Care Electrocardiography, Chous Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice: Adult and Pediatric, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, QRS is POSITIVE (dominant R wave) in Lead I, QRS is NEGATIVE (dominant S wave) in leads II, III and aVF, Leads I and aVL are positive; leads II and aVF are negative. Beyerbacht HP, Bax JJ, Lamb HJ, et al; Evaluation of ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy before and after aortic valve replacement using magnetic . You can always check our FAQs section below to know more about left axis deviation. The bottom EKG shows a reading of a person with left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), previously thought to be benign but found by a UCSF-led team to potentially signal a serious heart condition. In other words, when the person breathes in, their heart rate increases, and when they breathe out, the rate decreases. Not infrequently, these computers will call a QRS axis of 0 to -30 degrees, "borderline left axis deviation.". Please get an Echo done . } By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. And always remember that. Simply so, is left axis deviation serious? 2013 Apr;24(4):442-8. doi: 10.1111/jce.12057. min-height: 0px; You would expect to see the most negative deflection in aVR. (left axis deviation, or LAD) - QRS is upright in lead I (positive) and downward in lead aVF . Although the left axis deviation may not need therapy in and of itself, the root cause can be addressed. A careful history to elicit acute cardiac injury is therefore of utmost importance. Secondly, there is a need to interpret the spectrum of QRS patterns seen in patients with LVH, such as such as the increased QRS voltage, the QRS voltage within normal limits, occurrence of left axis deviation and LBBB, in electro-physiological terms; i.e. And dont worry, Healthsoothe doesnt bite. Patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS) can show a leftward deviation of the frontal QRS-axis upon provocation with sodium channel blockers. Company registered in USA & NIGERIA by, Left Axis Deviation (LAD)| Learn More About the Pathologies of the Heart by Determining the Left Deviations of its Electrical Axis. If you'd like to support us, check out our awesome products: You don't need to tell us which article this feedback relates to, as we automatically capture that information for you. It is usually the result of a left anterior hemiblock rather than to the increased bulk of muscle of the left ventricle. An EKG/ECG is a representation of the electrical activity of the heart muscle as it changes with time. Left Axis Deviation LAD. If there is sinus rhythm, and the heart rate is greater than 100 bpm, then sinus tachycardia is present. We proceeded to the implantation of a new IS1 RV lead (Ingevity, Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA), an IS4 left ventricular (LV) lead (Attain, Medtronic . P mitrale (bifid P waves) and left atrial enlargement are common P wave abnormalities. A: Left axis deviation is usually a normal variation in the ECG in which the currents arising from the heart picked up by ECG have a leftward deviation. Similarly, left posterior fascicular block is due to block in the posterior fascicle. [Left anterior fascicular block, left posterior fascicular block, left septal fascicular block]. Use smaller electrodes specific to children. Where is H. pylori most commonly found in the world? Editor-in-chief of the LITFL ECG Library. Left anterior fascicular block. If the electrical axis is between +90 to +180 this is considered right axis deviation (RAD). The thickened left ventricle becomes weak and stiff. Axis deviation, while not a dangerous finding in and of itself, may indicate a serious underlying condition. Before The term "anteroseptal" refers to a location of the heart in front of the septum the wall of tissue that separates the left and right sides of the heart. This prevents the lower left heart chamber from filling properly with blood. National Library of Medicine I am a freelance writer and a computer techie who is adept in content writing, copy writing, article writing, essay writing, journal writing, blog posts, seminar presentation, SEO contents, proof reading, plagiarism checking, editing webpage contents&write-ups and WordPress management. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between 30 and 90. Would you like email updates of new search results? on both heart anatomy & how the electrical avtivation spreads from cell-to-cell with the atria, then within the ventricles. www.heart.org. Left Axis Deviation = QRS axis less than -30. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex. The clinical significance of the electrocardiographic aberration called abnormal left axis. Sometimes an ECG abnormality is a normal variation of a hearts rhythm, which does not affect your health. Do I need to change medicines after angioplasty? The prevalence of left-axis deviation (LAD) (QRS axis of -30 degrees or less) was not higher among those with greater measures of body fatness. is one of the best health sites out there that genuinely cares for you. Brenyo A, Rao M, Barsheshet A, Cannom D, Quesada A, McNitt S, Huang DT, Moss AJ, Zareba W. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Review the role of an interprofessional team in improving care coordination in patients with electrical axis deviation. ECG is a straightforward and simple modality. Bruising or discoloration of certain part due to . it seemed a bit scary because i was looking it up, & it had many cau. Left axis deviation is one of the most commonly encountered ECG abnormalities. Instagram: https://instagram.com/geekymedics It is not an abnormal finding and requires no treatment unless accompanied by any structural defect of the heart. For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. A simple explanation to help you interpret the axis next time you encounter an ECG. When increasing the muscle mass of the left ventricle, there is a greater voltage of the R wave in left precordial leads (V5-V6), and a deep S wave in right precordial leads (V1-V2).. A:ST segment and T wave are ECG terminologies and these are arbitrary names given to certain segments of the tracings of the ECG.ST-T wave changes can occur in a number of situations, which are well . The quadrant technique, which looks at lead aVF, and Lead I is the simplest. Left ventricular hypertrophy is more common in people who have uncontrolled high blood pressure. Cardiac: Differential diagnosis: Other important EKG clues: Normal Variant: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Sum of S wave in V1 and R wave in V5 or V6 3.5 mV (35 mm) R wave in aVL 1.1 mV (11 . HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. Some dangerous heart rhythms are: . When the axis moves further and is more negative than 30 it is called marked left axis deviation (MLAD) and, on inspection of the tracing, can be diagnosed when in addition to the above features of LAD, the sum of QRS components is negative (ie S>R) in 2 and aVF as well as lead 3, while lead 1 is positive; (3) right . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A collection of surgery revision notes covering key surgical topics. By itself, left axis deviation is associated with no specific symptoms. More information about the ECG axis can be found in the basics section. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Normal variation, pre-excitation syndrome, conduction defects, inferior wall myocardial infarction, congenital, Left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition in electrocardiography in which the average electrical axis of the ventricular contraction of the heart rests in a frontal plane direction between 30 and 90, Knowing the electrical axis may assist guide the differential diagnosis and offer insight into underlying illness conditions, Migraines Are Ruining My Life! We are increasingly noticing isolated left axis deviation (LAD) in electrocardiogram in younger people with diabetes without obvious heart disease and association of LAD with glucose intolerance has not been explicitly raised before. If LAD is caused by left ventricular hypertrophy, Hegars Sign | Know All You Need To Know About It (With Pictures, Videos, & FAQs), All right, guys, that is it for now for the left axis deviation of the heart. Fascicular blockswerepreviously referred to ashemiblocks, but the latter term has been deprecated. Some people have an enlarged heart because of temporary factors, such as pregnancy or an infection. }, #FOAMed Medical Education Resources byLITFLis licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. In moderate-to-marked LAD group mean values of BP, FPG, and lipid profiles were higher (p<0.001) and abnormal. It is characterized by all of the following: left-axis deviation with frontal qrs axis between -45 degrees and -90 degrees; q wave in lead avl; rs in inferior leads ; qrs duration is ; 120 ms. Dear Doctors, I have been facing some chest tightness issues for the past 4-5 days, generally during the night. margin-right: 10px; LAFB occurs when the anterior fascicle of the left bundle branch is unable to conduct electrical signals. width: auto; Is left axis deviation dangerous?what are possible treatments and heath tips. In athletes, LAD is a borderline trait that, when paired with some other borderline feature like the block of the right bundle branch, necessitates additional evaluation because of the increased likelihood of sudden cardiac death. QRS duration <0,12 seconds but slightly prolonged. Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. An abnormal ECG might indicate a variety of conditions. It may indicate the presence of various conditions, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, left anterior fascicular block, inferior wall myocardial infarction, emphysema, and mechanical shift due to elevated diaphragm because of obesity. Introduction: We are increasingly noticing isolated left axis deviation (LAD) in electrocardiogram in younger people with diabetes without obvious heart disease and association of LAD with glucose intolerance has not been explicitly raised before. The links below take you to examples of each of these. An official website of the United States government. The ECGs and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed for a period that varied from 3 to 42 years (mean, 15.310.2 years), and 115 men with LAH . - Site 01:12 Epub 2009 Nov 10. Electrocardiograms are used by doctors to diagnose a variety of cardiac problems. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. A number of things can result in right axis deviation which include lung disease, right sided heart strain, right bundle branch block, and right ventricular hypertrophy. This is due to aVR looking at the heart in the opposite direction. #mergeRow-gdpr fieldset label { This causes the deflection inlead I to becomenegative and the deflection inlead aVF/III to bemore positive. and left axis deviation with a QRS duration of 180 ms (Figure 2). As in LAFB, the QRS duration will by prolonged by approximately 0.01 to 0.04 s, but total QRS duration will not reach 0.12 second. The second vector is directed downwards and to the right, which results in a prominent R-wave in lead aVF and equally prominent S-wave in lead I. Cardiac axis gives us an idea of the overall direction of electrical activity. The causes of axis deviation are discussed below. When lead I is +ve while lead aVF is -ve, this might be a case of LAD. I have just done a ecg and it came back with a left axis deviation and t wave abnormality. org. Preference cookies are used to store user preferences to provide content that is customized and convenient for the users, like the language of the website or the location of the visitor. Marked left-axis deviation is from -45 to -90 and is often associated with left anterior fascicular block 1. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. Fascicular blocks occurdue toanatomical or functional block in a fascicle. government site. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Lerecouvreux M, Perrier E, Leduc PA, Manen O, Monteil M, Deroche J, Quiniou G, Carlioz R. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. LeadsII, III andaVF displayrS complexes. To understand the cardiac axis, one must first discover the connection between both the QRS axis and the ECG limb leads. If, in contrast, the QRS complex in lead II is negative, this indicates a LAD. 8600 Rockville Pike Occasionally the T-wave in lead aVL will be inverted and in some cases lead I will display a monophasic R-wave instead of qR complex. In these cases, your heart will return to its usual size after treatment. what is that? There currently is no treatment for people with LAFB. As a result, you see a positive deflection in all of these leads, with lead II showing the most positive deflection as it is the most closely aligned to the overalldirection of electrical spread. The second vector, which is considerably stronger, be directed to the left, back and upwards; this results in a deep S-wave in inferior leads and large R-wave in left lateral leads. As a result, a thorough history of acute cardiac injury is critical. "The electrical axis at a glance". If a conduction defect, like left bundle branch block, causes LAD, there may be no symptoms except if the conduction malfunction is induced by heart failure, which may lead to heart failure symptoms such as exhaustion or shortness of breath. To learn more, please visit our. Emergency Physician in Prehospital and Retrieval Medicine in Sydney, Australia. It occurs when a persons heart rate relates to their breathing cycle. Tests may be done to check blood sugar, cholesterol levels, and . what does this mean? Hence it is a 4 axis system that acts as A left axis may be normal for you, or may indicate some thickening of your left ventricle. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Although left axis deviation is often an age-related physiological change. There are several potential causes of LAD. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! #geekymedics #fyp #fypviral #studytok #medicalstudentuk #medtok #studytips #studytipsforstudents #medstudentuk #premed #medschoolfinals #shorts, Cardiovascular Exam Tips - DON'T FORGET these 3 things , Watch this video to find out the most COMMONLY FORGOTTEN components of the cardiovascular history! Save this video to help prepare for your upcoming OSCEs and dont forget to follow Geeky Medics! International Journal of Molecular Sciences. The electrical axis will be more positive than 90 (right axis deviation). | Heres What Finally Cured Me, LAD may be caused by a number of factors. Diabetes: Drinking More Water Can Help Reduce Blood Sugar; Follow These Tips To Increase Water Intake, Haircare: Biotin Can Boost Your Hair Growth; Try These Biotin Homemade Hair Masks, Experiencing Irregular Or Delayed Periods? MeSH Calculating The Left Axis Deviation of the Heart, Symptoms and Signs of Left Axis Deviation. Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/geekymedics Full answer is here. As a result, blood pressure in the heart increases. Is my husband getting the right treatment? Always adhere to medical school/local hospital guidelines when performing examinations or clinical procedures. Suppose there were an infarct in the left ventricle - the effective muscle mass on that side is decreased. In electrocardiography, the cardiac axis is the total of the depolarization vectors created by each cardiac myocyte. Left anterior fasc TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@geekymedics - Over 3000 Free MCQs: https://geekyquiz.com/ Impaired mean FPG values and high frequencies of glucose intolerance in both borderline LAD group with normal BP and moderate-to-marked LAD group with conditioning of effects of BP in relatively younger ambulatory adults without cardiac symptoms indicate possible association between LAD and glucose intolerance. Heart muscle contraction is preceded by a wave of electrical activity(depolarization) that flows through the the heart. Right ventricular hypertrophy is actually more common than LPFB and may cause ECG findings similar to LPFB. - PSA Question Pack: https://geekymedics.com/psa-question-bank/ Being able to determine the electrical axis can give insight into underlying disease states and help steer the differential diagnosis towards or away from certain diagnoses. The abnormal left axis deviation is one of the most common abnormal ECG findings. to decode the shape of the QRS complex based on the current knowledge of the ventricular . The left bundle branch is subdivided into the following two fascicles: (1)the anterior (anterosuperior) fascicle, whichdelivers the electrical impulse to the anterior wall of the left ventricle; (2)the posterior (posteroinferior) fascicle, whichdelivers the electrical impulse to the posterior and inferiorwalls of the left ventricle. How to regulate it? Clinical electrocardiography and ECG interpretation, Cardiac electrophysiology: action potential, automaticity and vectors, The ECG leads: electrodes, limb leads, chest (precordial) leads, 12-Lead ECG (EKG), The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG & lead aVR instead of aVR, ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave), How to interpret the ECG / EKG: A systematic approach, Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry), Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration), Premature ventricular contractions (premature ventricular complex, premature ventricular beats), Premature atrial contraction(premature atrial beat / complex): ECG & clinical implications, Sinus rhythm: physiology, ECG criteria & clinical implications, Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management, Chronotropic incompetence (inability to increase heart rate), Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest), Sinoatrial block (SA block): ECG criteria, causes and clinical features, Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS), Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management, Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG diagnosis & management, Ectopic atrial rhythm (EAT), atrial tachycardia (AT) & multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT), Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT): ECG features & management, Pre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (Reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, Junctional rhythm (escape rhythm) and junctional tachycardia, Ventricular rhythm and accelerated ventricular rhythm (idioventricular rhythm), Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment, Long QT (QTc) interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointes, Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest, Pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT): ECG and management, Diagnosis and management of narrow and wide complex tachycardia, Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease) & Use of ECG, Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction, Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms, Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Reactions, ECG Changes & Symptoms, The left ventricle in myocardial ischemia and infarction, Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ECG in myocardial ischemia: ischemic changes in the ST segment & T-wave, ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses, ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses, ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without ST elevations on 12-lead ECG, T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen's sign & de Winter's sign, ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves, Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction, Supraventricular and intraventricular conduction defects in myocardial ischemia and infarction, ECG localization of myocardial infarction / ischemia and coronary artery occlusion (culprit), The ECG in assessment of myocardial reperfusion, Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG, Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management, NSTEMI (Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management, STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): diagnosis, criteria, ECG & management, First-degree AV block (AV block I, AV block 1), Second-degree AV block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz type 2 block, Third-degree AV block (3rd degree AV block, AV block 3, AV block III), Management and treatment of AV block (atrioventricular blocks), Intraventricular conduction delay: bundle branch blocks & fascicular blocks, Right bundle branch block (RBBB): ECG, criteria, definitions, causes & treatment, Left bundle branch block (LBBB): ECG criteria, causes, management, Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction: the Sgarbossa criteria, Fascicular block (hemiblock): left anterior & left posterior fascicular block on ECG, Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (defect), Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG, ECG in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH): criteria and implications, Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH): ECG criteria & clinical characteristics, Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics, Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG, Digoxin - ECG changes, arrhythmias, conduction defects & treatment, ECG changes caused by antiarrhythmic drugs, beta blockers & calcium channel blockers, ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (disorder), ECG J wave syndromes: hypothermia, early repolarization, hypercalcemia & Brugada syndrome, Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management, Early repolarization pattern on ECG (early repolarization syndrome), Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy), Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment, Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade, Exercise stress test (treadmill test, exercise ECG): Introduction, Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing (exercise ECG), Exercise stress test (exercise ECG): protocols, evaluation & termination, Exercise stress testing in special patient populations, Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain, Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance, ECG criteria for left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Noteworthy about left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), ECG criteria for left posterior fascicular block (LPFB), Causes of left posterior fascicular block (LPFB), Causes ofleft anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Prognosis ofleft anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Noteworthy aboutleft anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Causes ofleft posterior fascicular block (LPFB).
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