These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. comparably flat. A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. 2008. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Religion of the Central Luo. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the and tributes paid to them. deaths. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). Bor Lango A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who 26). London: James Currey. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." London: James Currey. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. southern parts of the country. A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. //, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Religious Practitioners. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. ." The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Stream and swamp fishing are important. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. named Luo. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Girling, F. K. (1960). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. B.A. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Identification. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. We hope you find it interesting. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. B. K. (1994). alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. against the central government. 23 Feb. 2023
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