Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses toward his ends; they were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapes in Haiti. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the Presidents power, ofwhich there were many. 1902 (August 8): In Petit-Gove, 450 civilians died in a fire which destroyed the town; it had allegedly been lit by the government forces of General Carri to force out the pro-Firmin forces. About fifty Ougans and Mambos (priests and priestesses of the Voodoo religion) were killed for their links or alleged links with the Duvalier regime. "Uncle Gunnysack." With one in ten under-40s infected with HIV, and millions living in squalor and destitution, thousands try to flee each year to the U.S. by hanging on to anything that will float. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization). Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, V. Hinche mise en croix, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1982. 1969 (April 14): About 30 young members of the Haitian Communist party, imprisoned in Fort-Dimanche, were executed outside the prison. In January and February 1999, Rmy Lucas, Lonard Lucas and Jean-Michel Richardson were detained for a short period. 1994 (April 22): Event known as the massacre de Raboteau. In Raboteau, a shantytown of Gonaives, Artibonite, army soldiers and FRAPH members killed 14 opponents to the regime in a well-planned operation. Tonton Macoute var prsidentens privatmilits i Haiti.Gruppen blev oprettet i 1959 af Franois Duvalier "Papa Doc" to r efter at han blev prsident. Bernard Diederich, Al Burt. Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were a tool to instill fear. The Tonton Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. _ * (Hurbon, 1987: 10-11, 155 and 143; NCHR, 1986: 53-59; Interviews with witnesses). La Rpublique autoritaire, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1981. Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II, http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/vrit_justice.pdf, http://www.ijdh.org/2001/06/archive/brian-concannon-justice-for-haiti-the-raboteau-trial/, http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. Men, women, children and elderly people were killed. _ *** (Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 71-79). While SAVAMA was a new police force in name, many historians argue that SAVAMA was merely an extension of its predecessor, maintaining the same methods as before. The number of their victims remains unknown. On April 21, 2005, the Cour de Cassation (the highest court in the country) invalidated this judgment; the court based its ruling on a 1928 law that prohibited trial by jury for multiple crimes, although this very law had already been nullified by the 1987 Constitution. One of the killings has remained in collective memory as the massacre of the peasants of Thiotte. Men, women, children, infants and elderly people suspected either of having helped the guerrilla movement, or of not having opposed it, were slaughtered by the macoutes. 2004 (February 11): Event known as the massacre de la scierie. Fifty individuals, members of an anti-Aristide peoples organization known as RAMSICOM (sometimes spelled RAMICOS) were allegedly killed in the Scierie neighborhood of Saint-Marc by chimres(members of an illegal, armed pro-Aristide group) led by an organization known as Bal Wouz, whose leader, Amanus Mayette, was then a member of the Haitian Parliament. Duvalier, who declared himself president for life, created the Tonton Macoute the following year in 1959. Tonton Macoute: Directed by Nigel Robinson. According to US journalist Harry Frank (in Gaillard, 1981: 208), US pilots did not verify what type of gathering (a Caco camp, an open farmers market, or peasants on their way to church) they were attacking. 82 no. Papa Doc Duvalier created the Tontons Macoutes because he perceived the military to be a threat to his power. This letter constitutes the sole written testimony of the acts committed against them. The total number of victims of this 3-year regime varies from 10,000 to 30,000 people according to different sources. Carri later refuted the allegation. To counteract this threat, he created a military force that bore several names. The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. The NKVD was responsible for the detention of nearly two million people between 1937 and 1938 alone; of those detained almost 700,000 were executed, a rate of roughly 1,000 per day. Grenades and bombs exploded in the daytime and gunfire crackled at night, resulting in what Bernard Diederich, co-author (with Al Burt) of Papa Doc and the Tonton Macoutes, recently called "a day of mayhem, genocide! The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded tropical forests. ", The hunt was indeed on for Duvalier's adversaries, army and civilian alike. In author Shannon Mayers Forty-Proof series, the 4th installment (titled Midlife Ghost Hunter) uses a voodoo zombie army called the Tonton Macoutes as the main villains army. The Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) [1] [2] [3] or simply the Macoute [4] [5] was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. While the Stasi engaged in arrest and torture through the 1950s and 1960s, by the early 70s the secret police began a far more subversive campaign of psychological torture, disrupting a suspected dissident's personal life via a smear campaign, breaking into ones home to reorganize objects and making threatening phone calls, among other less obvious, but continuous provocations. It was notorious for its widespread and brutal . Alongside the SS, the Gestapo, under Himmler, played a major role in carrying out the Final Solution, from the liquidation of the Ghettos to transportation of prisoners to the concentration camps. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH) which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be.[1]. Most of the victims had lived in the poor neighborhoods of Bel-Air, La Saline and Saint-Martin. Geographic (and cultural) isolation of the rural population in the center of the country impeded the flow of information and testimony on acts of violence committed in these areas. Repression continued for two to three weeks and led to a total of 30 to 40 victims. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997 ; ICHR, 1993), 1991 (September 30 and the first few days of October): In the afternoon of September 30, a commando of army soldiers moved into the Lamentin 50 neighborhood, in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince, randomly opened fire on bystanders and private homes, and indiscriminately threw grenades into local houses. For a detailed list of the most emblematic individuals responsible for executions and killings committed by macoutesand the military, see Pierre-Charles (2000: 45-49). [6] Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the Macoutes continued during the following decade. The massacre contributed to the emergence a week later of the September 1988 Haitian coup d'tat against the Henri Namphy regime, which brought to power Prosper Avril. Cette vido prsente des tmoignages recueillis par Amnesty International en 1985 sur les arrestations arbitraires et les actes de. A member of the Tonton Macoutes in Haiti; by extension, a thug or criminal. _ * (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 38 and 44; Leconte, 1999: 38). Shortly afterward, killings resumed in the southern part of the border region and lasted throughout the first six months of 1938; several hundred Haitians were killed during this period (several thousands according to Dominican historian Juan Manuel Garcia, 1983). The intimidation became so extreme that the MVSN, who were rightly known as the Tonton Macoutes, began burning people alive, or stoning them to death. tonton macoute massacre. The Progressive Inc. publishes The Progressive magazine plus Progressive.org and Public Schools Advocate. 1986 (February 7): Dchouquageof the Duvalier regime. After 40 years, the Stasi disbanded with the fall of East Germany. Fifty years on, the victims of Duvalier pre can only evoke these atrocities ceremonially, while a few of those who suffered similarly under his son were recently able to briefly face him in court. 1986 (January 31): Army soldiers led by Colonel Samuel Jrmie killed nearly one hundred people in Logane (Southwest of Port-au-Prince) during a demonstration of peasants who were (prematurely) celebrating the departure into exile of Jean-Claude Duvalier. Even the most conservative estimate makes it one of the largest massacres on a single day in Latin America in the 20th century. Several families were entirely exterminated. In 1918 and 1919, many Caco prisoners were systematically executed once they had been disarmed, following explicit, written orders (in Gaillard, 1981: 32-39, 49, 214, 307). Jolibois, Grard, LExcution des frres Coicou, Port-au-Prince, Le Natal, 1988. President Aristide went into exile on February 29, 2004 and found asylum in South Africa. The dysfunctional Haitian judicial system, plagued with incompetence and the lack of resources, was unable to carry out and conclude its investigation of this event. Execution in Haiti is generally by shooting. 3, pp. List of battleships of the United States Navy, homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization, Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Defunct law enforcement agencies of Haiti, The Central Nervous System of Haitis Reign of Terror, http://books.google.com/books?id=LOhHGx4v23oC&pg=PA33, http://books.google.com/books?id=F84K3p923iIC&pg=PA66, http://books.google.com/books?id=bNLG1G2SnpkC&pg=PA202, http://books.google.com/books?id=4IIB0Yu_sL4C&pg=PA21, The Serpent and the Rainbow film which mentions them. Several families were entirely wiped out. 1990 (March 12): Event known as the massacre de Piatre (also pronounced Pitre or Piastre). Tonton Macoutes tntn mkoot [ key] [Haitian Creole,=bogeymen], personal police force of dictator Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) of Haiti. Michle Montas feels the same urgency in commemorating April 26 this year. Frre, Grard-Alphonse, Liste partielle des victimes de la dictature duvaliriste, 1957-1986, not dated. 1969 (April 5): Event known as the massacre de Cazale. In the village of Cazale (sometimes spelled Casale or Casal), North of Port-au-Prince, army soldiers and macouteskilled several dozen peasant families. Turits, Richard Lee, A World Destroyed, a Nation Imposed: the 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic, Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization). His cruelty earned him the nickname Vampire of the Caribbean. (Label) 1971 Pulsar / Carlin Music Manufactured by RCA Limited, England. Both bands were managed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikely (Matthews Southern Comfort/The Herd/and Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick and Titch). According to local witnesses before the Truth and Peace Commission in 1995, several dead bodies were thrown into a nearby open mass grave dug on the soldiers orders; several youths were then executed after having dug the grave, and thrown into it; other bodies were allegedly carried away by a truck and were disappeared.. In 1983, Pope John Paul II visited Haiti. The Tonton Macoutes were later disbanded, but remnants of the former militia periodically resurfaced and were blamed for numerous incidents of bloodshed. [1][4], The church was the parish of future President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, then a liberation theology Roman Catholic priest of the Salesians of Don Bosco order, and had been packed with 1000 people for Sunday mass. The Tontons Macoutes murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. In rural areas, these attacks against civilian populations, starting in 1919, are still present in collective memory. In Delmas 31, the crowd discovered 7 prisoners at the private residence of macouteErnst Bros (Pierre-Charles, 2000: 56). The archives of the FRAPH, that may contain crucial information on executions and various individuals responsibilities, are still in the possession of the US government to this day, which has refused to transfer them to the Haitian Ministry of Justice in spite of continuous campaigns from human rights groups. Tonton Macoutes murdered over 60,000 Haitians. A Decade of Impunity in Haiti, Human Rights Watch, vol. Members of Tt Ansanm hid in the brush - some survived, while others were found and slaughtered by the armed brigades. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Papa Docs regime, the more brutal of the two, is said to be responsible for 30,000 to 50,000 assassinations and executions. Showing Editorial results for tonton macoutes. "Tonton Macoutes" style death . Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida, US, where he lived until his death in 2006. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. This represented the largest forced disappearance under the Duvaliers. Haitians named this force after the Haitian Creole . They created the private army and terrorist death squads known as Tonton Macoutes. Cambronne left Haiti in 1971 for Miami, Florida, where he died on 20 September 2006 at 77.[4]. A few weeks earlier, several young, light-skinned members of the Communist Party, a political party persecuted by the regime, including Alex Lamaute and Roger Mhu, had taken refuge in this town, assuming that they would blend into a population regarded as generally light-skinned (for having harbored many Polish soldiers after the war of independence). Amnesty International, Haiti Annual Report, 2001. Faced with considerable pressure from human rights groups, the Minister of Justice eventually issued an arrest warrant on September 13, 1995. *** (Chassagne, 1999: 235-262; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 94-102).
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