Bioelectromagnetics. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Qutob et al. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Correspondence to Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Singh et al. Behav Brain Res. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Dasdag et al. 1999;9:3438. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Neuroreport. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2013;17:711. 2014;90:2935. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Cobb et al. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. CAS Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Int J Radiat Biol. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. J Sleep Res. 1996;93:46938. 2017;38:106976. Int J Radiat Biol. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Google Scholar. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Google Scholar. [42] found similar results. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Smythe JW, Costall B. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Cell Biochem Biophys. Bioelectromagnetics. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Yale J Biol Med. CAS Cite this article. Verma et al. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Google Scholar. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. 1993;13:41322. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Kwon et al. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. 2004;996:8996. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Article Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Mil Med Sci. Neurotoxicology. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. 2010;473:525. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Qiao et al. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Wang et al. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. 2008;22:9927. 2012;21:6209. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Interphone study group. Int J Radiat Biol. & Hu, XJ. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Biomed Environ Sci. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. 2 Researchers have been working. millimeter, or equivalently. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Electromagn Biol Med. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Article They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. 2015;56:2618. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Cell Biochem Biophys. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. CAS Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. 2006;27:11926. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2012;31:25074. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2014;12:75. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. 2006;79:13140. 2002;64:31353. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. P Nat Acad. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Mol Cell Biol. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. . Physiol Behav. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism.
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