So somehow the motors cant move the valve yet the manual override seems to work fine. thanks - very helpful. Make safe the blue eg choc block. Replacement actuator for 2 port motorised valves. This could lead to catastrophic consequences for the application/industry and most importantly for the safety of everyone in the vicinity of the valve as it can have more than 130C of pressurised water in the system.The safety function enables you to close or open the valve automatically (via the spring inside the actuator) each and every time the power goes out. The spring will close the valve and the internal switch will be off, so that the boiler is also off. An electric motor does not require brushes in order to burn out. << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 904 >> 4 Roofers Couldnt Solve This Damp Chimney. Before taking a look at this, last night the motorised valve has started clicking every few seconds, but only when HW and CH are both selected. Oct 20, 2011 - Order your Danfoss HSA3 3 Port Valve Actuator from Direct Heating Supplies today for great prices and efficient service. Danfoss Motorized Control Valves (MCV) for district heating and cooling, HVAC and central heating systems ensure stable and accurate control of water, glycol mixtures and steam. Our range consists of both 22mm and 28mm diameters and 2 and 3 ports. In a range of on - off motorised zone valves Danfoss offers AMZ 112/113 actuators. All Rights Reserved. If is *is* stiff, you may be able to free it by rotating it backwards and forwards a few times with a pair of pliers. 8 Top Impact Drivers Reviewed, Building an extension Part 6 Installing joists and steels, New DeWalt Cordless Router Compact 18v XR Brushless DCW604, Cordless Dust Extraction with DeWalt DCV586M, Fein releases latest review: FEIN Cordless MultiMaster, Festool ISC 240 Cutting Insulation Like a Dream, Why Am I Making My Door Linings? AMV means that the actuator is either 2-point or 3-point controlled, AME means that the actuator has modulating control. Changed timer setting to reduce hours..horstmann motorised vale stopped plumber did contact test and said valve burnt out.fitted new one which same result after two days.ok using manual override on valve but nothing when set to timed!in view of two valve failing so quickly , is it possible its the thermostat? Danfoss Heat Selector is the best-in-class online selection tool that optimizes planning process for heating application experts. No brushes involved! Interesting video. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. For maximum versatility, our control valves and actuators come in different sizes, materials and connection options. Looks like standard S-plan to me. Do you have the latest issue of Tech Insider? You can then check whether the spindle of the valve moves freely. And a digital membership where you can read all the digital magazines is normally 25, and now 12.50 with the code. Reply Roger Bisby An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The valve wasnt stiff I easy turned by my fingers. Add to List. Select the supplier or trade you require, enter your location to begin your search. Motorised valve not closing. It isnt a difficult job it took me (a DIYer) half an hour and most of that was removing the previous crimping and stripping the wires on the new Synchron motor, having clipped off the redundant connectors that came with it. Or best to replace the whole thing (which I can't do). danfoss motorised valve problemstiffany style pendant shade Menu tricycle for seniors with disabilities. It's easier (but more expensive) to swap the whole head. AUX switches are additional switches in the actuator that send signals to the recipient (can be other actuator, boiler, pump or controller) when the certain point of the actuator position is passed, this usually means when actuator end positions are reached (totally open or closed). After googling the fault it seems that the actuator can be replaced without removing the valve. #1. i have removed my broken danfoss 3 port valve as the ch was coming on with the hot water only, my problem is i have replaced this with a honywell 3 port . Danfoss 2 Port Valve Actuator ; . Required fields are marked *. Recently we had reason to replace our boiler. If the motor is forced to draw too much current (in this case probably by excessive mechanical resistance in the valve mechanism) then the windings will overheat and are likely to eventually develop an open circuit failure. H"Gq$K&Gdn4H2b#hCZ-E|dd/O>??d+-ekhit=6(Cv?Za[~PX"-V#yE]i-2Mvy;E~ TUgir 8/+v>-N9J=*4DX,c;M*L>u-u|_TV+s-Z:_kSB!;@pwxg[rrn. ours gets replaced every few years under the Scottish Gas maintenance contract. Use code HELLO54 when you join us as a print or digital member and your membership will be half price for the first year. << /Type /XRef /Length 162 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Columns 5 /Predictor 12 >> /W [ 1 3 1 ] /Index [ 1424 48 ] /Root 1426 0 R /Size 1472 /Prev 706026 /ID [<8e9b3e1c3bccac4abccca087a7b12fbe>] >> If it moves when you tap it, then it sounds like the motor or valve is sticking. One other comment; If the valve mechanism can get sticky over the years so sometmes complete valve assembly might make sense (when the powerhead is removed you can operate the valve and see if its free or sticky). No plumbing required. In a heating system there's practically no maintanence you can do to that unit, it is probably gunked up. Diagnosing sticking motorised heating valve. We are currently experiencing problems starting configurator FC 102. I have right or not?) When I turn Im guessing red live that goes to com When I turned on central heating the Lever changes positions to the top ( I think this is like should be ? Discuss Danfoss 3 port valve wiring in the Central Heating Forum area at PlumbersForums.net, Reply to Danfoss 3 port valve wiring in the Central Heating Forum area at PlumbersForums.net, Welcome to PlumbersForums.net - The international free. A bit of wiring and make sure you get the right type. % 1429 0 obj How come you have x2 cylinders? I have to tap the valve for it to close and stop the signal to the boiler. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. 1426 0 obj It's a Danfoss valve - is it straightforward to replace the actuator? Danfoss has the solution to lower energy usage and improve indoor climate by adding a digital element: Leanheat software. Zone Valves, HSA3, Mid Position, SPST (interlinked) | Valve Actuators 3 Way | 3 Port Motorised Valves | Motorised Zone Valves | Climate Solutions for heating | Danfoss Global Product Store Due to an ERP system upgrade, all Drives configurators will be disabled from catalog from 25 February - 6 March 2023. Order the synchron motor from Amazon 13 same day delivery. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The central heating comes on and then stays on as the valve sticks open. I can see the cover has a couple of screws - I guess that's the next step Well, it seems to me that they are on different pipes. vat from Screwfix. It was an expensive mistake that ended in tears. Continue with Recommended Cookies. https://amzn.to/2Bh7RTQFluke 101 multimeter https://amzn.to/2PoLP5gExtech EX330 https://amzn.to/2AYq872Silicone grease https://amzn.to/2Rnls4FFluke Twist Guard probeshttps://amzn.to/2CfwCz4Commando drills https://amzn.to/2L5f50uWeed Sprayer https://amzn.to/2Ryx1HhLarge LDF https://amzn.to/2I0ss4dNTC Clamps: https://amzn.to/2GVUWL5 Hybrid steering systems for automotive applications intechopen danfoss hs3b28 3 port motorized valve with actuator 087n6651 at h p w gemini compression end series user manual sl14 1807 indd bem 5000 bhl co uk electrical connections specification c21 c27 general information ing the programmer backplate how a y plan heating system works design Troubleshoot and fix your Danfoss products to ensure smooth operations and high reliability. No brushes involved! The synchronous motors do conk out a lot but they are easy to change. I have a couple drain/vent questions regarding a bathroom. I have had two fail like this. endobj This switch is normally used to activate the boiler. Please let us know if you like our Plumbing Basics and Tricks of the Trade videos. Start point - actuator is pointing almost fully to HW, but not quite - say 85deg out of 90. step 1 - turn up room stat - no response on anything. Danfoss HP22 2-Port Motorised Zone Valve 22 mm 087N660900 59.82 each, Inc. VAT Collection Loading. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Ive replaced the whole valve but it seems even louder now. Watched this video last night as yet another motorised valve failure which was leaving our heating running constantly rather than not turning on at all. Sorry I can't be of any more help. I always like to try myself before calling a pro (within reason of course) at least to ensure its not something basic. Damn right!!! Where do the three pipes involved go to/come from? This in turn improves temperature control and reliability while increasing the energy efficiency of the system. Motorised Valve Faults - Actuator and Valve. We are rapidly working on a solution and apologize for the inconvenience! When I used to rent, I once decided to try a bit of a DIY fix on something to save me and the landlord the agro. The speed of the actuators that are using synchronous motors is fixed on a frequency that is used in the supply 230V AC voltage. There are two soldered wire connections to be removed/replaced. What can be done, if it doesn't work? Electrician Talk | ElectriciansForums.net. There is the 'T' to which Graham referred. It may not display this or other websites correctly. That would indicate a standard S plan probebly. Tuzla) has carried out a major renovation of the citys comprehensive district heating network, providing reliability of supplies, improved comfort as well as energy and cost savings. Review of 9 Best Oscillating Tools, Impact Driver Showdown! You can create your listing free at DIYnot Local. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. MEV has a pressure gauge connection (at 33) for registering valve top pressure P3. Oct 20, 2011. At the moment HW and CH are working as expected. If it doesn't work then either replace the head or get it to someone for repair. Motorised heating valves are an electrically controlled valve used in central heating systems to control the flow of heated water in the home. Budget about an hour of your time, a fir amount of faff with springs and screws complete with no guarantee that itll fix the problem (as the motor wears the spring loses the ability to wind the valve closed too). You can increase the speed of the actuator, if you use a 60Hz supply voltage. The Print+ membership where Singletrack magazine drops through your door, plus full digital access, is normally 45, now only 22.50 with the code. Thanks for your help. No - the Danfoss is on the horizontal pipe (ignore vertica pipe behine. That's the right idea, although it could equally be the other way round, impossible to say from the picture. Also, I see our system has two motorised valves in series - a Honeywell and the Danfoss - what does the Honeywell do? Sadly my experience is Danfoss valces do not use good switches and I have replaced several which can be a fiddly job. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Welcome to the Digital Spy forums. Here are some of the highlights: Easy selection, installation, commissioning and maintenance mean less time, money and effort, Excellent control performance, even in the most demanding systems. It was on the blink and you could only con it into coming on by first turning on the hot water and What should I expect from a competent central heating engineer? The 2-port motorised valve on the central heating isn't turning off once the room thermostat is satisfied and so the boiler continues to fire until I turn the boiler off at the mains. Thanks for your time. You could probably get away with replacing the synchro motor, if youd prefer to try that first. If it's a new system and it has done this since installed, don't discount the possibility that it has been wired incorrectly. I can reset it manually by moving the little metal tab back and forth a couple of times to unstick it but its happening more and more often. However, the valve does not open or close no matter if demand is sent. AMZ is designed to be used in HVAC or CH applications. HiI have a problem with Center 2 Port Motorised Valve 22mm I dont know if is a problem with the head or valve I changed just head ( not valve ) for new one and I found this problem. Can we change the characteristic of the actuator? Thanks - here's a pic - it's the white one on the right so a two port valve I presume (ignore pipe behind it). tgs, Oct 28, 2005 #2 emily New Member endobj They also offer a range of different functions and features to suit each specific application. will have a good look. It's a Danfoss valve - is it straightforward to replace the actuator? This kind of actuators, like AME 435 and AME 655/658/659, are able to work with AC or DC voltage but only for 24V in one or 230V in another version of the actuator, not both at the same time. i\2c+RfQ%,X>}?`QG_ j NEW DANFOSS RANDALL 2 PORT 22mm MOTORISED VALVE 087N664200. Troubleshoot and fix your Danfoss products to ensure smooth operations and high reliability. Motorised Control Valves Actuators for Globe Valves Accessories for actuators 065B2910 Export page Throttle valve HD impulstubes, for oil 065B2910 Throttle valve HD impulstubes, for oil Where to buy + Add to comparison list + Add to My Product List Product details Documents Product details EAN 5702421817261 Documents View: 10 25 50 1 / 13 They provide an user-friendly, reliable, easy to install and commission product, which fit to every application and increases its flexibility. This in turn improves temperature control and reliability while increasing the energy efficiency of the system. If the motor is forced to draw too much current (in this case probably by excessive mechanical resistance in the valve mechanism) then the windings will overheat and are likely to eventually develop an open circuit failure. Now new BLDC motors are coming and this technology can work on AC or DC actuators due to the so-called serial connection between stator and rotor of the electric motor. DIGITAL SPY, PART OF THE HEARST UK ENTERTAINMENT NETWORK. You can find both versions in the Danfoss portfolio.See the range of actuators: http://products.danfoss.com/productrange/heatingsolutions/control-valves/actuators-for-seated-valves/#/. I live in a new build, and the tank has 3 motorised valves. Registered in England. Modulating, or AME actuators, are appropriate for precise regulation of the flow as they also have feedback signal and can position themselves very precisely in accordance to the signal from the controller. It is worth checking that the mechanical part of the valve is moving freely with the motorised part removed, It can be obtained from RS Components (Part No. thanks for that, i agree youve defo got the earth and neutral correct, its the other 3 im unsure of as the old danfoss has a brown and white wire , and the honywells is just white. Usually, actuators have linear characteristic, but with the new AME actuators like e.g. I presume the Danfoss is the central heating on/off valve and the Honeywell controls the hot water. I have changed the head on a Honeywell valve twice and each time it works for about 10 minutes and then stops. Danfoss Tech Insider keeps you updated on a monthly basis with the latest news on cooling and industrial products portfolios from Danfoss Climate Solutions. Anyway I have a question about your pipework that someone with gas experience might like to answer. Solving motorised valve problems: In this video, Roger explains how a motorised valve works and discusses how you can easily diagnose and repair a motorised valve, avoiding the need to buy a costly replacement. Motorised Valves At Toolstation, we stock premium motorised valves from trusted brands like Drayton, Honeywell Home and Corgi Controls. Obviously my manual intervention cleared whatever gunk was preventing automatic actuation! Replacing a failed Synchron motor in a Honeywell motorised valve is quite straightforward, assuming you know how to work with mains electricity safely. There are no visible signs of burn out. and the wiring is slightly different , on the danfoss it has 4 wires ,,grey, blue,orange and (brown and white combined) on the honeywell it has 5 wires ,, grey,blue,orange . It's been mixed up week here at STW Towers, mostly thanks to everyone suddenly realising they haven't used up their annual leave so they'd better take some time off. My hot water motorised valve sounds like it stays open and the boiler Doesnt stop leaving the hot water scalding. 1427 0 obj Checked thermostats too. My heating is working. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. To close the valve, power is removed. One for zone 1, one for zone 2. DIY plumbing repair of a How to diagnose & repair a motorised heating valve. That is, the two with the valves, and the one that feeds them. It often happens that the power is out and the valve is therefore not under control anymore. Is the speed of the actuator fixed and permanent, or can I modify/change it? Shimano SPD Cleats SH51 MTB SPD - Single Release, Fresh Goods Friday 642 Cake For Me, Corned Beef For You, Whats Open At Glentress? the base tends to get stiff causing the motor to burn out i would replace the full valve, With these actuators it's kind of a lightbulb syndrum you'll get one last for years and one that lasts 5 mins so you pays your money and takes your chance IMHO.Bob. Its Valliant boiler with a Megaflow tank. They do get quite warm but shouldn't get hot except when the pipe is hot. Valve Actuators 3 Way; 087N6587. If a motorised valve is making a buzzing noise and not opening the central heating pipe is that likely to be just the actuator that's gone? I have issues with my heating systems and find it all very confusing. How does the safety function, or the so-called spring return function, work and what does SD and SU mean? in the AME 435 and AME 655/658/659 actuators, you can change the characteristic of the actuator with DIP switch settings. The microswitch is a SAIA-Burgess XCG3-Z1. If the stroke of the valve is shorter than stroke of the actuator, what do I do - how do I commission the actuator? Great vid. The valve stays open by the continuous force of the motor so that would be the excessive current draw. << /Filter /FlateDecode /S 119 /Length 268 >> Danfoss Hp22b 2 Port Motorised Valve With Actuator 22mm 087n6642 At H P W Buzzing Sound From Motorised Valve Since Heatmiser Install Diynot Forums Y Plan Central Heating System Wc4 B Wiring Centre Guide Manualzz Y Plan 3 Port Valve Cannot Have Ch On By Itself Diynot Forums How A Y Plan Heating System Works Design Boiler Boffin endobj I'm assuming that the ?22mm pipe coming in from the left, the middle one of the three, is the feed from the boiler, which is then split two ways, down through the grey Honeywell to the DHW tank, which opens when the tank thermostat calls for heat, and horizontally through the white Danfoss to the CH system, which opens when the house thermostat calls for heat. I wouldn't mess about with an actuator - straight swap. Buy Danfoss Industrial Plumbing Valves and get the best deals at the lowest prices on eBay! Since 2011, the local District Heating Company (Centralno grijanje d.d. Danfoss actuators have a self-commissioning protocol where they find the end positions of the valve on which they are mounted automatically. 2023 Hearst UK is the trading name of the National Magazine Company Ltd, 30 Panton Street, Leicester Square, London, SW1Y 4AJ. Thanks Shaun I will have a go at it on Tuesday, Thanks for all of your help, I hope you have a great Christmas. Two 2 port valves plumbed "in series" seems very odd. See also My central heating system has an electric valve in it, which controlswhether the My wife has been stuffing stuff under the stairs where the hot water tank and How can I tell whether the motorised valve on the hot water circuit isworking Hello everyoneI'm having a problem with a motorised valve which is buzzing HiThe motorised valve on my central heating has packed up.It is a Danfoss 3 way What is the best treatment for "salt damp" caused by hygroscopic salts on a HomeOwnersHub website is not affiliated with any of the manufacturers or service providers discussed here. Furthermore, AME (sometimes also called the electronic version of actuators) actuators provide more features on DIP switches and provide much more flexibility and control variations for the customer. You can input or calculate KV by entering the required flow and inlet/outlet pressure. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. We get told it is a consumable part.. :S~j{;ZCt'hPvel,]KbG&-Y'`q@td14'\rg\:p6RR2Bcm2O+{F48SM' This is the motor section mounted on top of the valve. What is the difference between AMV and AME actuators? Building: OfficeApplication: Production of heating, cooling and domestic hot waterChallenge: Design and construct customized district energy solutions for all buildings on the parkSolution: Danfoss designed and constructed 3 pre-assembled DSE substations containing control valves for the heating, cooling and domestic hot water, heat meters, self-acting controllers and electronic controllers connected to a central Building Management System. JavaScript is disabled. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Is it still likely a diverter problem? The family has noticed major interference on the TV when watching HiWe have a problem with the central heating. The little bar is permanently stiff/closed. Why Hasnt This Simple Problem Been Fixed? Do you think this is ok? In the fault state, the silver lever below the valve can be . Whilst it is in repair you can operate your system with the valve spindle manually turned so that its approx at 2 o'clock wrt the valve. Cooling support for wholesalers and installers. My Boiler Wont Switch Off Danfoss Motorized Valve When the central heating system is switched on the danfoss motorised heating valve is opening the central heating water valve to allow the radiators to heat up, however when the central heating system switches off the danfoss motorised valve will shut off the water valve and stop circulation to the radiators as it should do but fails to send the signal to the boiler to shut down into standby mode, subsequently, the boiler and central heating water pump continue to run while not heating the radiators or hot water.Fitting a new danfoss motorised valve solved the problem.https://www.amazon.co.uk/Danfoss-HPA2-Actuator-4-Wire/dp/B003QZKN26/ref=pd_sbs_60_1?_encoding=UTF8\u0026pd_rd_i=B003QZKN26\u0026pd_rd_r=42ac493d-0c1e-11e9-9334-2994f224cbbe\u0026pd_rd_w=h0x4s\u0026pd_rd_wg=1lkQw\u0026pf_rd_p=18edf98b-139a-41ee-bb40-d725dd59d1d3\u0026pf_rd_r=3QB3CCSPH0R6KCBK5DMQ\u0026psc=1\u0026refRID=3QB3CCSPH0R6KCBK5DMQ Or it could be an actuator fault, they are also replaceable but someone posted recently about a replacement which seemed not to be compatible. However you will find that the retailer will warn you that if it turns out to be a fault with the actual valve, they won't accept the motor back. Thank you for taking the trouble to explain. In future there will also be a AME 685 actuator which can be used.See the technical details for AMB 162/182 actuators: http://products.danfoss.com/productrange/list/heatingsolutions/control-valves/actuators-for-rotary-valves/amb-162-182-/#/, Most actuators do not work on AC and DC voltage because they have synchronous motors technology. That's probably on the primary feed to the hotwater tank. First venting. In Europe, 30 percent of all energy consumption goes to heat or cool buildings. If a motorised valve is making a buzzing noise and not opening the central heating pipe is that likely to be just the actuator that's gone? Share. Danfoss motorised valves is closed to new replies. You first need to understand a bit about how your system works - then it becomes Hi guys My FIL has noticed two port motorised valves on BES web site. Whats Supporting This Troublesome Chimney? With a global reputation for quality and reliability, our latest solutions are available at different price points to suit the budgetary needs of every project. - it's not conncted to the valve), and to its left there's a T to the Honeywell. (New annually renewing membership only. Weve always called plumbers out for these previously. Sounds more like the heating zone valve isnt shutting off. Buzzing Sound From Motorised Valve Since Heatmiser Install Diynot Forums Title Y Plan Heating With Unvented Cylinder And 2 Port Valve Danfoss Hp22b 2 Port Motorised Valve With Actuator 22mm 087n6642 At H P W Wiring Guide I Have A Problem Where The Hw Only Works When Ch Is On Boiler Fires But Pump Does Not Come And Then Continue with Recommended Cookies, Search the forum using the power of Google. Can You? The top pipe looks like it's 22mm gas that reduces to 15mm at the elbow and goes through the wall to feed the boiler. Read more Frequently asked questions for heating customers, VACON 100 Commissioning with VACON Live, How does an EV225B, Servo-operated 2/2-way solenoid valve for steam work. Years of customer insights and product development for district heating, HVAC and central heating applications have enabled us to create a flawless product that perfectly complies with all current requirements and future trends. We still have hot water which I find confusing. Very helpful video. With CH on and HW on manual I can feel the hot water entering the tank but if I stop the CH the boiler stops even though HW demand still on. What I dont fully grasp is why some motors are happy to do that for 20 years while others fail. Danfoss Manifolds & Valves for sale | eBay Danfoss Manifolds & Valves Best Selling Danfoss Pilot Style 27 Electrical Displacement Control $1,126.13 New Danfoss 157B4116 PVEM 12V Hydraulic Valve (5) $620.00 New Danfoss 013u3017 Linear 3-way Mixing Valve 1/2" NPT KVS 1.5 $42.99 New Danfoss 157B3171 Proportional Valve Pvm32 (1) $84.99 New To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Or best to replace the whole thing (which I can't do.) Blueprint for Truly Affordable Homes Could Slash 1.2 Million Council Waiting Lists, UK Set for Building Boom as 20,500 Planning Applications Approved per Month, New College Durham Launches Retrofit Course to Tackle Green Skills Gap, Multi Tool Showdown! You are here. Might be worth replacing the complete motor/valve. Just remove the head and check out the two questions asked by Myser with the head off. If you need to find a tradesperson to get your job done, please try our local search below, 1425 0 obj You must log in or register to reply here. The microswitch in the Danfoss HPA2 often fails, but it can be bought separately and takes 10 minutes to replace. If the same model is available, just change the head so you dont need to drain the system and do any plumbing. To answer the first question, it is *possibly* a stripped gear on the motor. The actuator is a replacement Siemens RMH on a Boss Therm BZV22 body. Your email address will not be published. When fully open, a switch inside the valve activates. Can actuators be driven by voltage or current signal? In a series of videos, our technical expert Asif Dad answers our most frequently asked questions. To be honest, the price difference is not that much. A great help and so satisfying to do it myself. step 3 - turn down room stat - boiler shuts down. You are using an out of date browser. I had an engineer out today to quote me for a boiler install. If youd like to join in, please sign in or register. You can also select application type, and specify valve connection, ports and PN for the application. A Redevelopment Update, NBD: Last Tarvo 2, Specialized Tero X, Crankbros Mallet Trail, This topic has 5 replies, 5 voices, and was last updated. There are lots of clones about that are cheaper but for a few more pounds I think its worth replacing Synchron with Synchron (the original that I replaced has been controlling the flow to the central heating for more than 12 years so its done a lot of work).
Penn State Wrestling Recruiting,
How Do You Set A Grandfather Clock Back An Hour,
Coastal Carolina University Golf Bag,
Articles D