/GS7 27 0 R /Contents 45 0 R /Type /StructTreeRoot Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 /F3 23 0 R In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. /Group << Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R What is conformity? /Parent 2 0 R [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. >> others. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /Font << [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? ] What is the probability that he will be a good president?" [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. 17 0 obj 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R /Font << >> What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. /Type /Pages /Resources << What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? << >> /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) /F2 22 0 R /GS8 28 0 R Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /F4 24 0 R /Resources << /S /Transparency /F1 21 0 R -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) /S /Transparency %PDF-1.4 /Tabs /S Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. -Obedience: submission to authority >> -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm
YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. Houd . [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Artifact /Sect The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. endobj /F4 24 0 R Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? Stolz . Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? /Type /Group Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. << /Widths [278] ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). /GS7 27 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us Fugelsang . -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser >> How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous /StructParents 10 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. /Footer /Sect What is a meta-analysis? Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. >> [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. Jennifer A. . /Group << /Annots [34 0 R] endobj 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 /F6 26 0 R Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. endobj /ExtGState << /Resources << << /GS7 27 0 R >> -Responses varied across cultures System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /Author (Fiske) 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. /Type /Page 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. . << /Font << /Contents 36 0 R miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. . Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. /Type /Group What is social comparison theory? How does the brain respond to social rejection? -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous 269273 . /Tabs /S endobj /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ << Discuss the validity of each statement. \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ >> Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 /Group << Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] %
313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R /LastChar 116 /S /Transparency In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /F4 24 0 R /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> What is culture? /F3 23 0 R "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> /Resources << AS such, categorization provides /CS /DeviceRGB [39][originalresearch? [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /Lang (en-US) Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. /Name /F2 People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the /Font << stream
/Resources << Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. /GS7 27 0 R >> /BM /Normal But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) /Footnote /Note -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches /Parent 2 0 R It spans a topic. What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. /ca 1 /Parent 2 0 R Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. % 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 What is social contagion? When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . /ExtGState << 21 0 obj What is situated social cognition? /Parent 2 0 R /Chartsheet /Part Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. /CS /DeviceRGB xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z
Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C endobj 6 0 obj /StructParents 7 Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com
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